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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Chandelier Chizhevsky. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us Is it possible to never get sick? Of course, this is almost impossible. But the Chizhevsky chandelier helps to get sick rarely and it is easier to endure illnesses. Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky - the great Russian biophysicist, cosmist, founder of heliobiology and inventor of the now famous electro-fluvial chandelier.
Chizhevsky himself, when it came to priority, recalled the Duino castle on the Adriatic. On one of its bastions, a spear has been fixed since time immemorial. There was always a soldier on watch and watching the weather. If a fiery glow appeared on the tip of the spear or sparks jumped, the sentry rang the bell, warning the surrounding residents and fishermen of impending bad weather. But something else is important: the vegetation around this spear was incomparably richer than in some distance. And the whole neighborhood knew about it! Which, in fact, is confirmed by a genuine letter from the Benedictine monk Imperati, dated as early as 1602. In 1748, the French abbot Nollet grew seedlings in metal pots and regularly brought them to the charged parts of an electric machine. And he increased the energy of seed germination. In the 1780s, another French abbot Bertolon, a great connoisseur of physics and medicine, set up unusual experiments in his garden. He watered plants from watering cans connected by a wire to an electrostatic machine, and achieved amazing results. Vegetables grew faster, hyacinths produced more leaves and stems, and fruits ripened faster and were extremely tasty. The famous revolutionary Marat also experimented with electricity. He was fascinated by the idea of the Duino spear. Taking such spears as a basis, he decided to stretch wires from them into the apartments of the Parisians. The negatively charged matter of the air, the "friend of the people" believed, would strengthen the health and spirit of the fighters of the revolution. They will quickly gain strength for the good of great France. It is known that US President Benjamin Franklin came up with a lightning rod. He was the first to propose the use of atmospheric electricity for medicinal purposes. In his honor, this treatment was called franklinization. And a medical electrostatic machine with a spidery electrode, which, like a chandelier, hung over the patient's head, began to be called Franklin. However, Franklin, like his predecessors, did not understand the most important thing. It does not treat any electricity, but only negatively charged. Positive charges, on the contrary, are extremely harmful and even dangerous to health and life. This was first established by the Russian biophysicist Alexander Chizhevsky in the 1920s. Chizhevsky set up such an experiment. He placed the mice in a sealed chamber and passed air through a dense filter layer of cotton wool. After 5-10 days, the animals became lethargic, as in beriberi. Gradually, the painful state turned into a coma, the mice flatly refused food, and finally, they agonized and died. Chizhevsky called this phenomenon aeroion starvation. “So, the chemical composition of the air after filtration through cotton wool remained the same as before filtration, this is indisputable,” Alexander Leonidovich explained to his astonished colleagues. “The air became even cleaner, because dust and microorganisms settled on cotton wool. became "dead". Passing air through cotton wool, we deprive it of some properties that are absolutely necessary for the life of the organism. What are these properties? When filtered, the oxygen of the air loses its great "something" - its physical properties that are necessary to sustain life. Passing through the layer cotton wool, the air leaves all its electric charges on it, including negative air ions - "vitamins of the air". To prove this, Chizhevsky set up another experiment. A needle was inserted into the same chamber, to which a high voltage was applied. Negative air ions formed on the tip of the needle. Now the experimental animals felt great. Thanks to the "vitamins of the air" their vitality became even higher than that of animals in the wild. Consider only the principle of operation of a classic, electro-fluvial ionizer, which is the Chizhevsky chandelier. This method of generating negatively charged oxygen ions is named from the Greek word effluvium - I flow, i.e. electric charges "drain" from the needle, the tip - an electrode having a small radius of curvature, to which a high (20 ... 30 kV) electrical voltage of negative polarity is applied. It was these ionizers that Chizhevsky used, which is why they are also called electrofluvial ionizers, electrofluvial chandeliers.
With the electrofluvial method, ionization occurs under the action of a high-intensity electric field, which appears in a system of two conductors (electrodes) of different sizes, near one electrode, with a small radius of curvature - a point, a needle. The second electrode in such a system is a network wire, a ground wire, the electrical network itself, radiators and heating pipes, plumbing, wall fittings, the walls themselves, floors, ceilings, cabinets, tables, and even the person himself. To obtain an electric field of high intensity, a high voltage of negative polarity must be applied to the tip. In this case, electrons escape from the needle, which, colliding with an oxygen molecule, form a negative ion. those. The negative oxygen ion is an O2 oxygen molecule with an additional, free electron. It is this electron that will subsequently fulfill its favorable, positive role already in the blood of a living organism (for more details, see the section On the tips of the needles of air ionizers (Chizhevsky's Chandeliers), in complete darkness, you can see a faint glow. Current page: Principle of operation. Mechanisms of the physiological action of air ions) . These negative air ions will scatter from the tip, the needle to the second, positive electrode, in the direction of the electric field lines of force. An electron that has left the metal of the tip can be accelerated by an electric field to such a speed that, colliding with an oxygen molecule, it knocks out another electron from it, which, in turn, can also accelerate and knock out another one, etc. Thus In this way, a stream can be formed, an avalanche of electrons flying from the tip to the positive electrode. Having lost their electrons, positive oxygen ions are attracted to the negative electrode - the needle, are accelerated by the field and, colliding with the metal of the tip, can knock out additional electrons. Thus, two opposite avalanche-like processes arise, which, interacting with each other, form an electric discharge in the air, which is called quiet. This discharge is accompanied by a weak glow near the tip. This photoelectric effect arises due to the fact that some atoms receive energy from collisions with electrons that is insufficient for ionization, but transfers the electrons of these atoms to higher orbits. Passing back to a state of equilibrium, the atom emits excess energy in the form of a quantum of electromagnetic radiation - heat, light, ultraviolet radiation. Thus, a glow is formed at the tips of the needles, which can be observed in complete darkness. The glow intensifies, with an increase in the flow of electrons and ions, for example, when you bring your hand to the tips of the needles at a short distance of 1-3 cm. At the same time, you can still feel this flow - the ionic wind, in the form of a barely perceptible chill, a breeze.
Chizhevsky was by no means an armchair scientist, not a "naked" experimenter, but a man oriented towards practice. He not only revealed the mechanism of the healing effect of negatively charged air particles - air ions - on all living things, but also created on this principle a universal device for treating many diseases with electricity. Companions of the scientist called this device the Chizhevsky chandelier. It has become one of the most striking achievements of the 1939th century. No wonder Chizhevsky was nominated for the Nobel Prize at the First International Congress on Biophysics in New York in September XNUMX for his services to mankind. The international community awarded him nothing less than the honorary title of "Leonardo da Vinci of the XX century." Chizhevsky published articles on electronic medicine, immediately patented his electro-fluvial chandelier. The British tried to buy a patent from him. It didn't work out. Chizhevsky gave it to the free use of the USSR. Confident designers of the largest German electrotechnical concern "Siemens" seriously turned their attention to electronic medicine. But they decided to do without Chizhevsky, and without his patent. It turned out that this is not so easy to do. In 1932, the world industry giant Siemens launched the production of ion generators. And these were not chandeliers from the ceiling, but portable devices on elegant marble tables. But the trouble is, the Siemens devices produced ions of too weak energies and did not have the proper therapeutic effect. In addition, patients complained of bad smells. The fact is that the devices also actively generated nitrogen oxides, which not only smell bad, but also substances that are very harmful to the body. Already in 1934 "Siemens" curtailed this production. In the West, a promising business, of course, was not abandoned. But they tried to obscure the priority of the Russian scientist. To emphasize - they say, Chizhevsky was not the first - they began to date his outstanding works in 1953. Although they were published long before that - in 1935. Violating the principles of Chizhevsky, Western engineers have created many different modifications of the ionizer. But foreigners have not really learned how to do good "vitamins of the air". Research conducted at the Institute named after N.V. Sklifosovsky, at the Research Institute of Higher Nervous Activity, at the Research Institute of Occupational Medicine, the Institute of Pediatrics and other scientific centers, confirmed that the ions obtained on the principles of the Chizhevsky chandelier have a powerful healing power. Alexander Leonidovich was right, arguing that completely different diseases can be treated with the same device. A new theory of general pathology developed by M.S. Machabeli in the 1960s-1970s, explained the causes of almost all diseases with one common principle - the catastrophic loss of electrons in the cells and tissues of the body. To protect against this, you need to have a supply of electrons on the cell membranes. It is them that the Chizhevsky chandelier produces, which means that its action is universal. Healing air ions, penetrating into the lungs of a person, charge the blood, make the cells and tissues of the body more resistant, that is, increase immunity. When air ions are inhaled, the lungs seem to straighten out. Attacks in patients with bronchial asthma become less frequent and easier to tolerate. No more shortness of breath. In 1969, the largest Soviet physicist, Academician Igor Evgenievich Tamm, fell seriously ill. They treated him with the best medicines. Doctors have already pronounced a verdict on the scientist: he had only three or four days to live. Therefore, they did not object to the use of an air ionizer, let it hang. Chandelier Chizhevsky performed a miracle. Right before our eyes, the complexion of the patient's face began to change. Then he began to breathe normally, opened his eyes, smiled. A few days later, "hopeless" stood up! As practice has shown, in burn centers, thanks to air ions, patients with the most extensive - up to seventy percent - skin burns survive. Bedridden patients cease to suffer from pneumonia. Wounds begin to heal faster. The Institute of Pediatrics of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences noted a rapid improvement in the well-being of children suffering from respiratory and skin allergies, a positive effect of ionized air on newborns was revealed. Children adapt more easily to changing environmental conditions. They have reduced levels of anxiety and irritability. Young Russian designers decided to make a modern version of the chandelier. They found Chizhevsky's archives and were amazed. The scientists intended to reduce the high voltage of fifty thousand volts used in Chizhevsky's apparatus for safety reasons. But it turned out that the high voltage could not be reduced in any case, because it is it that gives the highest quality of air ions. On this, at one time, the Americans "pierced". The problem of electrical safety was solved in a simpler way: it is not voltage that kills a person, but current. His strength was reduced. Today, anyone who bought it in a store can improve their health with the help of the "Chizhevsky chandelier". The method of using the "Chizhevsky chandelier" is extremely simple. Having ventilated the room well, you need to turn on the chandelier and go out into another room for 10-15 minutes. During this time, ionization and settling of dust occurs, the air in the room is cleaned. The first stay under the chandelier is recommended to be limited to 30 minutes. Then, increasing the dosage by half an hour a day, bring it up to 3-4 hours a day. During aeroionoprophylaxis, drafts should be avoided, since air ions are easily carried away by the air flow. Author: Musskiy S.A.
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