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MOST IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
Noosphere. History and essence of scientific discovery
Directory / The most important scientific discoveries “Stage after stage of the path of evolution of living organisms is studied mainly by biologists and paleontologists,” writes R. Balandin. “But living matter is only a part of the biosphere, completely dependent on it. And the biosphere is a part of the planet, inseparable from the flow of the radiant energy of the Sun. Everything that happens on Earth is a manifestation of not only earthly, but also cosmic forces.And humanity, as part of the living matter of the biosphere and the planet, is a cosmic phenomenon, and its appearance, development, existence are natural processes of self-development of nature. Prior to Vernadsky, such ideas were known. For more than two centuries they have been found in various forms in philosophical and scientific treatises, they were expressed in a peculiar and vivid way already in the XNUMXth century by the philosopher Herder, the naturalist Buffon, the poet and thinker Goethe, and later by the naturalist Alexander Humboldt, geographers F. Ratzel and E. Reclus ... Does this mean that Vernadsky simply retold the long-known and partly forgotten thoughts of other sages? No, of course... Vernadsky managed to organize in a new way the disparate information about the interaction of man and nature, about the self-development of matter. In the autumn of 1924, he began work on the article "Ideas on the progress and autotrophy of mankind." He wrote it in French and published it in Paris under a changed title - "Autotrophy of Humanity", which very incompletely reflects the content of this work. Vernadsky singled out a particularly important, from his point of view, idea about the future transition of a person from heterotrophy (feeding on living organisms) to autotrophy (feeding on synthetic food without destroying the living). Developing ideas about the evolution of the biosphere, the appearance of mankind on Earth, the Russian scientist takes a step towards a new generalization - to the idea of the transition of the biosphere into the noosphere. At the same time, Vernadsky relies on the data of many natural sciences, such as mineralogy, geology, cosmochemistry, biogeochemistry, etc. He emphasized the inevitability of this process as a special natural phenomenon that radically changes the structure of the biosphere of our planet. Vernadsky notes: "The scientific thought of mankind works only in the biosphere and, in the course of its appearance, eventually turns it into the noosphere, geologically covers it with the mind. Scientific thought is part of the structure - organization - of the biosphere and its manifestations in it, its creation in the evolutionary process of life is an event of the greatest importance in the history of the biosphere, in the history of the planet." Here is what Vernadsky said at the lectures: "In our geological epoch - the psychozoic era, the era of Reason - a new geochemical factor of capital importance appears. During the last thousand years, the geochemical impact of mankind, which captured living matter through agriculture, has become unusually intense and diverse. We see an amazing growth rate of the geochemical work of mankind. We we see an increasingly clear influence of consciousness and the collective mind of man on geochemical processes. Previously, organisms influenced the history of only those atoms that were needed for their growth, reproduction, nutrition, respiration. Man expanded this circle, influencing the elements necessary for technology and for creation of civilized forms of life Man acts here not as Homo Sapiens (reasonable man), but as Homo Faber (creative man). And it extends its influence to all chemical elements. It changes the geochemical history of all metals, it forms new compounds, reproduces them in quantities of the same order that was created for minerals, products of natural reactions. This fact is of exceptional importance in the history of all chemical elements. We see for the first time in the history of our planet the formation of new compounds, an incredible change in the face of the earth. From a geochemical point of view, all these products are masses of free metals such as iron, copper, tin or zinc, masses of carbonic acid produced by burning lime or burning coal, huge quantities of sulfuric anhydride or hydrogen sulfide formed during chemical and metallurgical processes, and an increasing number of other technical products are no different from minerals. They change the eternal running of geochemical cycles... Where will this new geological process stop? And will it stop?.. The study of geochemistry proves the importance of this process and its deepest connection with the entire chemical mechanism of the earth's crust. It is still in a state of evolution, the final result of which is still hidden from us... Man everywhere increases the number of atoms emerging from ancient cycles - geochemical "eternal cycles". It exacerbates the disruption of these processes, introduces new ones, upsets the old ones. With man, undoubtedly, a new huge geological force appeared on the surface of our planet. Vernadsky's lectures at the Sorbonne were attended by French scientists and friends: the mathematician and philosopher Le Roy and the paleontologist, Teilhard de Chardin, who joined the Jesuit order "Society of Jesus" in his youth. The speeches of the Russian scientist could not leave them indifferent. Vernadsky's lectures and conversations with Teilhard de Chardin, an expert on ancient history, inspired Le Roy to create two major works, published in 1928 and 1929. He described the evolution of man, the stages of the formation of mankind and the creation of the noosphere on Earth. For the first time, a new term - the noosphere - entered science. Vernadsky constantly used it in his writings. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955) became famous as one of the discoverers in 1929 of the most ancient human ancestor - Sinanthropus. His main work, The Phenomenon of Man, was published only in 1961, after the death of the author. At the same time, a wide passion for his teaching began in the West. Teilhard de Chardin soon became known as the greatest French thinker of the twentieth century. The French scientist recognized the theory of the origin of life from the inanimate, the constant complication of the organization of organisms and the natural regular appearance of a reasonable person. “Whatever the group of animals (vertebrates or anthropoids), when studying its evolution, a remarkable fact is revealed that in all cases the nervous system increases in volume and becomes more complicated in structure with time and at the same time concentrates in the upper head part of the body ... If we consider it from the point of view of the development of the cerebral ganglia, then all forms of life, all life moves ... like one growing shaft, in the direction of an ever larger brain. "Man and he alone is the last in time of occurrence, the freshest, most complex, most iridescent, multi-colored of the successive layers of life." Teilhard de Chardin wrote about the noosphere as follows: “A harmonious community of consciousnesses is equivalent to a kind of superconsciousness. The earth is not only covered with myriads of grains of thought, but is enveloped in a single thinking shell that forms ... one vast grain of thought on a cosmic scale. act of one unanimous thought." "The noosphere strives to become one closed system, where each element individually sees, feels, desires, suffers just like all the others, and simultaneously with them." Teilhard de Chardin considers the vital elusive forces of synthesis to be the main principle in the world, designated by him as "the plasmatic role of the living psyche." Such an emphasis in the interpretation of life brings him closer to irrationalistic ideas. “Here he takes a point of view,” writes V.P. Kaznacheev, “which is opposite to the natural-scientific biogeochemical approach of V.I. Vernadsky in the analysis of the phenomena of life (terrestrial living matter). phenomena of life are material factors that determine the organization of the biosphere (cosmic radiation, the energy of radioactive decay, the migration of chemical elements associated with biogeochemical functions, etc.) Against this background, word usage such as "living psyche", "tangential" physical energy, "radial" psychic energy looks rather like metaphorical phrases, rather than meaningful scientific or intellectual-philosophical concepts... The next stage of cosmogenesis - noogenesis, or the sphere of reason - by P. Teilhard de Chardin reflects certain features of the social and natural development of mankind, since the significance of cultural traditions, intellectual achievements inherent in man is emphasized here. However, the basis for the formation of the human phenomenon in this concept is the orientation towards the theosphere, some final mystical state of noogenesis, the transition to which is determined by the Omega point (the highest pole of the world). At this point, the description of the progressive (gradual) development of the world whole is especially clearly overlapped and eliminated by the theological-Catholic worldview. Chardin's evolution of the noosphere has the theosphere as a final step, it is sacrificed to the theosphere - the mystical position of the Catholic worldview. Vernadsky had in mind, first of all, the geological activity of mankind, the active restructuring of the Earth's biosphere and the cosmic expansion of the noosphere. For Vernadsky, in the noosphere, the thought and work of mankind were connected, interacting. "...From the biogeochemical point of view, what is important, of course, is not scientific thought, not the scientific apparatus, not the tools of science, but the real result that affects the geochemical phenomena caused by the thought and work of man, in the new state of the biosphere that he creates. .. in the noosphere". Vernadsky considers such an important phenomenon of society as culture on a planetary scale, evaluating it, along with scientific thought, as a planetary phenomenon. In his work "Reflections of a naturalist", assessing a new form of energy - the vital activity of human society, he writes: "This new form of biogeochemical energy, which can be called the energy of human culture or cultural biogeochemical energy, is the form of biogeochemical energy that currently creates the noosphere ". V.P. Kaznacheev writes: "In accordance with the analysis of the cosmoplanetary environment of the biosphere and living matter, the definition of the noosphere as a new, socio-historical and socio-natural phenomenon that occurs in this environment, one should characterize the transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere as a natural-historical process. The formation of the noosphere proceeds as the deployment of a new geocosmic force that controls the entire further evolution of the planet - the cosmic body of the solar system. This influence of social activity and knowledge will gradually but inevitably turn into the control of all cosmoplanetary forces, including the entire planetary system and its cosmic environment. Such, as indicated above, formulated by V. I. Vernadsky, the main features of the transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere - a sphere covered by the labor, social activity of man. Here, scientific thought becomes the most powerful tool for managing the planet, guaranteeing its own progressive development of mankind in the foreseeable not only social, but also cosmo-geological time " . In the same years, Vernadsky's student Fersman also wrote about the geological role of man. Unlike Teilhard de Chardin, who focused on the mind, and Vernadsky, who gave priority to the connection in the noosphere of thought and action, Fersman wrote almost exclusively about the technical activity of mankind. In a special section of his four-volume Geochemistry, the Soviet scientist characterizes the geochemistry of technogenesis, that is, technical activity. Here Fersman does not even mention the noosphere. As a geologist, he was not interested in the causes of phenomena, not in human motives, not in the mind itself, but only in the results of technical impact on the biosphere. Based on numerous facts, he concluded: "The economic and industrial activities of man in their scale and significance have become comparable with the processes of nature itself. Substance and energy are not unlimited in comparison with the growing needs of man, their reserves are of the same order of magnitude with the needs of mankind; the natural geochemical laws of distribution and concentration of elements are comparable with the laws techno-chemistry, i.e., chemical transformations introduced by industry and the national economy. Man geochemically remakes the world." Fersman speaks about the biosphere being remade rather as about the technosphere - the area of mankind's technical activity. As R. Balandin notes: "Such was the creative power of Vernadsky's ideas: from his teaching on the geological activity of man and the formation of the sphere of the mind, as from a mighty tree trunk, the teaching on the noosphere of Le Roy and Teilhard de Chardin, as well as Fersman's teaching on technogenesis ( technosphere). Until now, these three currents of scientific and philosophical thought retain their significance and their popularity. Each of them has its adherents and its critics. However, we must remember that the scientific genius of Vernadsky stands at the origins of all three currents. Author: Samin D.K.
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