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MOST IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
Satellites of Jupiter. History and essence of scientific discovery
Directory / The most important scientific discoveries Italian scientist Galileo Galilei is one of the giants of science. He entered the history of science as a martyr, his life and death are an eternal reproach to his tormentors. But, of course, his discoveries remained. One of the most remarkable is the discovery of the moons of Jupiter. Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was born in the city of Pisa into a noble but impoverished family. Until the age of eleven, Galileo lived in Pisa and studied at a regular school, and then moved with his family to Florence. Here he continued his education in a Benedictine monastery, where he studied grammar, arithmetic, rhetoric and other subjects. At the age of seventeen, Galileo entered the University of Pisa and began to prepare for the profession of a doctor. At the same time, out of curiosity, he read works on mathematics and mechanics, in particular Euclid и Archimedes. Later, Galileo always called the latter his teacher. Due to a cramped financial situation, the young man had to leave the University of Pisa and return to Florence. At home, Galileo independently engaged in an in-depth study of mathematics and physics, which interested him very much. In 1586, he wrote his first scientific work, "Small Hydrostatic Balance", which brought him some fame and allowed him to meet several scientists. Under the patronage of one of them - the author of the "Textbook of Mechanics" Guido Ubaldo del Monte, in 1589 Galileo received the chair of mathematics at the University of Pisa. At twenty-five, he became a professor at the place where he studied, without completing his education. Galileo taught students mathematics and astronomy, which he told, of course, according to Ptolemy. In his work On Motion (1590), Galileo criticized the Aristotelian doctrine of the fall of bodies. The establishment by Galileo of the isochronism of small oscillations of the pendulum belongs to the same period - the independence of the period of its oscillations from the amplitude. Galileo's criticism of the physical ideas of Aristotle set against him numerous supporters of the ancient Greek scientist. The young professor became very uncomfortable in Pisa, and he accepted an invitation to take the chair of mathematics at the famous University of Padua. The Padua period, which lasted 18 years, was the most fruitful and calm in the life of a scientist. Here he found a family, linking his fate with a lonely girl Marina Gamba. Galileo worked hard, thinking about future compositions. Although from the university chair he conveys to the listeners the Peripatetic ideas about the universe sanctified by the church and even proves the "justice" of geocentrism, at the same time he passionately seeks and finds new confirmations of the validity of the great teachings of Copernicus. Having learned at the end of 1608 about the invention of a telescope abroad, the scientist enthusiastically works on his own design, using a combination of biconvex and biconcave lenses. Patiently creating one after another devices with increasing magnification, he finally built "an apparatus so excellent that with its help objects seemed almost 1000 times larger and more than 30 times closer than when observed with the naked eye," - recalls his invention in the book "Assayer" Galileo. With the help of a telescope, scientists discovered many new stars that are not visible to the naked eye, it was proved that the Milky Way consists of a large cluster of tiny stars. The telescope helped to discover the existence of mountains and depressions on the Moon, and, finally, Galileo saw in the sky with his own eyes the prototype of the Copernican system - the four satellites of Jupiter, revolving around it, like the Moon around the Earth. This famous discovery was made with a 30x magnification tube. Here is how Galileo describes this discovery: “January 7, 1610, at the first hour of the night, observing the heavenly bodies, I, among other things, directed my pipe to Jupiter and, thanks to its perfection, saw three small brilliant stars not far from the planet, which I had not noticed before due to the slight increase in the former at that time time I have pipes. These points of light were taken by me for fixed stars, they attracted my attention only because all three were in a perfectly straight line parallel to the ecliptic, and were somewhat brighter than stars of the same size with them. Their location relative to Jupiter it was as follows: two were on the eastern side of the planet, the third on the western. The extreme eastern star and the western one seemed a little larger than the third. I then did not determine their mutual distances exactly, for, as I said, they were considered by me to be fixed stars. Eight days later, guided by I don’t know what fate, I again directed the pipe to Jupiter and saw that the location of the stars had changed significantly: it was all three that were located in the west of the planet and closer to one another than in the previous observation. They still stood in a straight line, but were already separated from each other by equal intervals. Although I was far from thinking of attributing this to the proper motion of the stars, I nevertheless doubted that such a change in their position could result from the movement of Jupiter, which for several days was in the west of the two stars. With the greatest impatience, I looked forward to the next night in order to dispel my doubts, but I was deceived in my expectations, the sky that night was covered with clouds on all sides. Galileo further describes the new location of the stars and further observations over them; the number of stars turned out to be four. "As a result of all this, I have already decided without the slightest hesitation that there are four luminaries that revolve around Jupiter, just as Venus or Mercury revolve around the Sun. Now we have an obvious argument to dispel the doubts of those who, being inclined to admit that the planets revolve around the Sun , are confused, however, how the Moon rushes around the Earth and at the same time, together with it, makes a yearly circle around the Sun ... We now know that there are planets circling one around the other and at the same time rushing around the Sun together; we We know that not only one, but four moons move around Jupiter, following it during the entire duration of its twelve-year revolution around the Sun. In this wonderful story, the experiences of Galileo, who made an unprecedented discovery, are vividly felt. Galileo has repeatedly looked at the sky, looked at Jupiter, has already made a number of remarkable discoveries, but he does not calm down. He perfects the trumpet again and again and again points to Jupiter. He sees new stars. He does not yet think that these are the moons of Jupiter, but he accurately fixes their comparative size and location. This was not a fleeting observation, he fixed the location so well that after 8 days he immediately notices a change in it. He does not yet believe in his discovery, but, seized with a creative impulse, he already feels that he is dealing with a new fact: this is not the result of a simple movement of Jupiter. Careful observations and study of a new fact begin. Comparing the results of individual observations, generalizing them theoretically, Galileo comes to a bold conclusion: these are the satellites of Jupiter. He immediately appreciates the significance of this discovery for the Copernican system. After all, he himself, guided by the Copernican system, managed not only not to pass by a group of stars, one of the many new groups discovered by him, but also to obtain a completely new astronomical result. Galileo's enthusiasm is understandable, and it is also understandable that he gave a majestic title to the report of his new astronomical discoveries, published in 1610. "Star Messenger". With this book, Galileo begins his struggle for the legalization and propaganda of the Copernican system. Later, Galileo discovered the phenomenon of Saturn (although he did not understand what was the matter) and discovered the phases of Venus. By observing how sunspots move across the solar surface, he found that the Sun also rotates around its axis. Based on observations, Galileo concluded that rotation around an axis is characteristic of all celestial bodies. Observing the starry sky, he became convinced that the number of stars is much greater than can be seen with the naked eye. So Galileo confirmed Giordano Bruno's idea that the expanses of the Universe are endless and inexhaustible. After that, Galileo concluded that the heliocentric system of the world proposed by Copernicus is the only true one. Author: Samin D.K.
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