Norms for the location of a residential building and utility buildings. Drawing, description

BUILDER, HOUSEHOLDER
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Norms for the location of a residential building and utility buildings. Tips for the home master

Builder, home master

On his land, the owner erected a two-story box of a "Canadian" house on a strip foundation. The area nearby has been on sale for a long time. Finally, she had an owner who invited a surveyor to accurately mark the site. During this procedure, it turned out that the neighbor built a house at a distance of half a meter from the border and thereby violated the existing norms. The new owner remained adamant. The case went to court. The decision of the judiciary was natural: move the building a meter away from the fence. The reader can imagine what it means to move the house along with the foundation.

Norms for the location of a residential building and outbuildings

Take a look at Figure 1. So, according to regional building codes (RSN 70-88), an approximate layout of buildings on the site looks like.

The residential building is located at least 5 m from the red line and the road and at least 3 m from the street. The red line in urban planning is called the conditional border that separates the carriageway of the street, driveway, highway, square from the building area.

For fire safety purposes, the distance between residential buildings in neighboring areas should be from 6 to 15 m, depending on the degree of fire resistance of the structures. The document recommends, for ease of repair, to place the building with an offset to one of the side boundaries of the site, but the distance from the fence to the wall cannot be less than 1-1,5 m. Most likely, the owner will have to adhere to the general rule for building the street, focusing on the location of neighboring buildings .

It is advisable to locate utility facilities in the depths of the site and comply with the same requirements for their distance from the boundaries as for a residential building. They are allowed to be built both standing alone and blocked with the house. The fencing of the site from the side of the street must be indicated in the general construction project. If you want the garage to look directly at the street with its gates, you must take into account the red line of the road and in no case go beyond its border. On a personal plot, the use of a non-sewered lavatory such as a closet is allowed. A cesspool with mandatory waterproofing should be equipped on its northern side.

Rice. 1. Approximate layout of buildings on the site (click to enlarge)

The height of the building for keeping livestock and poultry must be at least 2,4 m (from floor to ceiling). It is even allowed to attach it to the house - provided that at least three utility rooms are located between the walls of a residential building and this structure.

There are certain rules for the placement of plantings. Trees should be 5 m from the outer walls of buildings and structures, 3 m from the border of the neighboring site, 1,5-2 m from underground networks, 4 m from masts and supports of the lighting network. The shrub is planted at a distance of 1,5 .1 m from buildings and XNUMX m - from the border of the site.

Minimum requirements for the device of a residential building

If the developer carefully studies RSN 70-88, building codes and recommendations SNiR 31-02-2001 and SNiP 2.08.01-89, then he will learn a lot of interesting things in the field of space and height restrictions in the building. Pay attention to the floor plan of the residential building shown in Figure 2.

A house, the size of the premises in which is less than the minimum allowable (SNiP 31-02-2001), may simply not be registered with the Bureau of Technical Inventory.

The area of the common living room must be at least 12 m2, bedrooms - at least 8 m2, kitchens - from 6 m2, bathroom - at least 1,8 m2, and the smallest toilet - 0,96 m2. The developers of building codes set this minimum not on their own whim, but on the basis of sanitary and hygienic standards and design standards for furniture, various appliances and devices. It should be noted that the rooms in the attic floors can be smaller. It is allowed to place a bedroom with a minimum area of 7 m2. The upper limits of the size of the premises are unlimited. As they say, build at least palace chambers.

Rice. 2. The minimum allowed area of the premises of a residential building (click to enlarge)

All passages and lifts in a residential building also have minimum standards. So, the width of the stairs to the upper floor should be at least 0,9 m, corridors - at least 0,9 m, and the front - at least 1,8 m. There are minimum restrictions on the height of floors from floor to ceiling (SNiP 2.08.01. 89-2,5). If it turns out to be less than 2,3 m, and in the attic - less than XNUMX m, then the building may be declared unsuitable for permanent residence.

The number of storeys of a house is usually determined by the number of above-ground floors (the attic is also included). If the developer decides to acquire a basement or basement floor, then he should know that it is not allowed to place living rooms there. This floor can be equated to above-ground if the top of its floor is at least 2 m higher than the planning level of the ground. If it is decided to use the basement or basement for household purposes, then its height from floor to ceiling must be at least 2 m.

The basement and first floors of a residential building are allowed to be used as a garage. But then their walls and ceilings must be made of non-combustible materials. If windows of other rooms are located above the garage door, you need a visor with a length of at least 0,6 m.

The developer often does not know the exact total area of his house (it is determined on the basis of SNiP 2.08.01-89). Practice shows that some BTI engineers make mistakes when calculating square meters. It should be understood that an unreasonable overstatement of indicators entails an increase in real estate tax and the amount of utility bills.

The area of a residential building is defined as the sum of the areas of all rooms on the floors. Sometimes the owner of the house enters into an argument with the BTI about balconies and loggias. You need to know: their area is also taken into account, as well as the dimensions of the staircases at the level of the corresponding floor. But the areas of attics, utility underground and unheated utility rooms located in the basement or basement are not included in the total area of the house.

The dimensions of the rooms on the floors are calculated within the limits of the internal walls and partitions. The protrusions of the plinths do not matter. When determining the area of the attic room, only that part of it is taken into account where the sloping ceiling has a height of 1,6 m, and a coefficient of 0,7 is used to calculate the area of \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbthe zone with a lower ceiling height.

Engineering services

The house is built, all standards are met. It's time to take on engineering communications and install the necessary instruments and equipment. To understand the tricks of placing the "vital arteries" of the building, you should refer to five regulatory documents: SNiP 2.04.03-85. SNiP 2.04.05-91, PUE, SNiP 2.04.08-87 and SNiP 31-02-2001. Figure 3 shows some parts of external utilities. You need to study them carefully.

Rice. 3. Features of the location of external engineering communications of a residential building (click to enlarge)

Sewerage

It must comply with the regulatory SNiP 2.04.03-85. In case of violation of the installation of sewer networks, the developer is threatened with regular clogging of pipes with drains and the need to constantly clean them. According to the standards, the daily sewage costs per person are about 200 liters. It is required that the smallest diameter of the external sewer pipe be equal to 150 mm and have a slope to the common collector of at least 8%. The smallest depth of its occurrence in the ground should be 0,3 m.

In the absence of a centralized street sewer, it is allowed to build filter wells and trenches with the obligatory location of a septic tank in front of them (industrial treatment device). The base of artificial filters should be 1 m above the groundwater level. Internal plumbing is allowed only if there is a sewerage system.

Heating and ventilation are arranged in accordance with the norms of SNiP 2.04.05-91. To calculate the correct number of heaters for satisfactory heating of the premises of the house, the developer must contact the specialists. Typically, the technical specifications of such devices indicate power in watts or kilowatts. It is believed that the heat flux coming from the appliances must be at least 10 W per 1 m2 of the floor of the room.

In an individual residential building, water is usually used as the main coolant. The use of electricity for heating is allowed only in the absence of cheaper sources of energy, and tariffs in this case are set by others. If the dwelling consumes 50 kW or more, you should take care of automatic regulation of the heat flow. As a rule, radiators, convectors are placed under window openings. It is not allowed to place them in vestibules with external doors: this is fraught with defrosting of the system.

Attention should be paid to the inadmissibility of using ventilation ducts to remove combustion products from a boiler or water heater. The room in which the heating boiler is located must have a window with an area of at least 0,03 m2 per 1 m3 of internal space. When using a solid fuel boiler, it is allowed to arrange a pantry for fuel storage in the ground, basement or basement floor. In the bathrooms and toilet rooms of an individual house that do not have external windows, duct ventilation is mandatory installed.

Based on the standards of SNiP 2.04.03-85, insolation, that is, solar lighting, must be taken into account in the built house. The owner will not burn the light in broad daylight and feel the lack of oxygen without ventilation. Therefore, it is necessary that the proportion of the total area of windows to the floor surface in the room be at least 1:8, but not more than 1:5,5. When using skylights, a ratio of 1:10 is allowed.

Gas supply

It is carried out on the basis of the norms of SNiP 2.04.08-87. If an experienced developer decides to install engineering networks on his own, this is not prohibited. The exception is gas communications: they are subject to very stringent requirements. Only a specialized organization has the right to lay such pipes and connect the appropriate devices. No jokes with gas!

These communications can be entered into the house only from the side of the furnace or kitchen. If there is a heating furnace in the building of the old building, it is possible to introduce pipes into the living room, provided that the disconnecting device is placed outside. But in no case should the gas pipeline be laid through the foundation or under it. If the pipe is laid along the outer wall of the house, then its conditional diameter should not exceed 50 mm.

It is not allowed to arrange detachable connections of the pipeline under window openings and balconies. In general, all connections must be welded, threaded - only at the installation sites of valves and devices. If the gas pipe, according to the project, passes over footpaths, it should be fixed at a height of at least 2,2 m from the ground.

It is not allowed to install more than two heaters in one room. It is strictly forbidden to mount a gas water heater in the bathroom, otherwise the developer may end up with a real "gas chamber". The room for the gas boiler and water heater must be at least 2 m high. One device can be installed in a room with a volume of at least 7,5 m3, and two devices in a room with a volume of at least 13,5 m3.

Electric power supply

It is installed in accordance with the rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE).

In low-rise settlements, overhead power lines are mainly used. If a linear electric pole is installed near the site, then it should not block the entrance and entrance to the yard.

The wires from the street pole to the place of entry into the residential building must be stretched at a height of at least 2,75 m from the ground, and if the branch is carried out from the side of the street along which the vehicle moves, the height will be 6 m. The length of the branch from the main line to the residential at home should not exceed 25 m. Otherwise, additional support is required. Outlet wires must have weather-resistant insulation, the distance between the phase and neutral wires must be at least 0,2 m.

It is required that all places where the wires come into contact with the surface of the building and pass through the walls are fireproof and reliably insulated, and the outer end of the pipe at the entry point looks down (to avoid precipitation). It is strictly forbidden to run electrical wiring over the roof of the house. It should be inaccessible from balconies and windows of the building.

The smallest building

At the dacha, rural courtyard, garden plot there is a building that cannot be dispensed with. This is a normal toilet. Unfortunately, not many people know how to properly install a toilet so that it not only meets the requirements of the owners, but also meets sanitary standards, does not harm the environment, and is also reliable and durable. This will be discussed.

There are certain sanitary standards that should be taken into account when building and operating a toilet in a village.

Firstly, the toilet should not be located at a distance of less than 25-30 m from wells or water wells, and on a site with a slope - above the well. Otherwise, there is no guarantee that the effluent will not enter the drinking water.

Secondly, the toilet should not be a source of unpleasant odors. Therefore, on the one hand, it is desirable to take into account the prevailing wind rose in the area, and on the other hand, it is necessary to keep it clean and tidy.

Thirdly, it is unacceptable that groundwater be polluted by runoff and poison the nearest water bodies with it. Therefore, latrine latrines must be securely isolated, and all other waste must be disposed of before disposal.

Before building a toilet, you should find out the depth of groundwater in the area. If it is less than two meters, then you need to build a powder closet type toilet. And with a depth of more than 2,5 m, it is allowed to equip a toilet such as a backlash-closet or a restroom with a cesspool.

Now directly about the construction of toilets.

The most simple in the device and operation of the powder closet (Fig. 4). It can be located near the house or under the same roof with it. There is no traditional cesspool in such a toilet. It is replaced by a metal waterproof container installed directly under the toilet seat. When filling this container, the contents are poured into the compost pit. The size of the restroom is chosen by the owner himself, but usually they are not less than 1,0x1,4x2,2 m.

Norms for the location of a residential building and outbuildings
Rice. 4. Powder closet (option): 1 - pillar-support; 2 - asbestos-cement pipe; 3 - box with backfill; 4 - hatch for waste disposal; 5-seat; 6 - washstand

When building such a toilet, four wooden pillars are first prepared, the lower part of which is covered with bituminous mastic. Further, four asbestos-cement pipes are dug into the soil to a depth of 70 - 90 cm, having previously processed them from the outside with bituminous mastic. The pipes are filled with a cement-sand mortar by a third and pillars are installed in them. The lining of the toilet is made of boards tightly fitted to each other. Two holes are made in the back wall: the upper one is a ventilation window covered with a mesh, and the lower one is for removing the container with sewage. The roof, as a rule, is shed, made of any roofing material (roofing iron, slate, etc.).

In the toilet room, a toilet seat with a hole, a washstand with a sink and a bucket, and a wooden box with backfill are installed. As a backfill, sawdust, ash, peat, or a mixture of them with dry earth is usually used. They are sprinkled with sewage, that is, as if powdered (hence the name of the toilet). Powdering is done after each visit to the toilet. Thus, the reproduction of flies is prevented, an unpleasant odor is eliminated, and in the future a full-fledged fertilizer is formed.

The study of all the above regulatory documents will allow you to avoid many mistakes in the construction of an individual residential building.

Permits and documents

Local licensing authorities are guided by the procedure for the development and approval of project documentation, republican building codes RSN 70-88 for individual construction. According to them, the correctness of the development of the site, the layout of the residential building and outbuildings are determined. Here you need to think carefully about what else you plan to build. After the approval of the construction plan, objects not taken into account in it are considered to be installed unauthorized and are subject to demolition or additional approval.

As practice shows, many owners are ahead of events and begin to build their house without waiting for a package of permits. As a result, serious mistakes often occur, from which the developer grabs his head. Let's dwell on the main points.

To begin with, let's turn to the Code of Rules for the Design and Construction of SP 11-III-99. After reviewing this document, you will know what papers will be required to start work on an individual site.

We must be patient, because the process of registration and approval can be delayed. The very first thing in this case is to write an application for a building permit. It should be accompanied by the Decree of the head of the administration on the provision of a land plot for individual housing construction, a lease or sale and purchase agreement, as well as a general layout and passport of the site, an act on the natural establishment of its border and breakdown of buildings, red lines and axes of the building.

On the basis of this package of documents, the head of the administration makes a decision on the construction permit. Then they draw up a passport for the project of a private residential building, which must include the following materials:

building permit decision:
a document certifying the right of the developer to the land plot;
copying from the master plan of the relevant urban planning documentation;
situational plan;
technical conditions (TS) for connection to engineering networks with a diagram;
floor plans, facades, sections;
an act relating to the natural establishment of the boundaries of the land plot and the breakdown of buildings (with a scheme for carrying out in nature).

A separate folder draws up a project of an individual private house. It includes the following materials:

situational plan (M 1:500), showing the location of the construction object in conjunction with the nearest settlements, sources and external networks of energy, heat and water supply, facilities, sewerage networks;
topographic survey of the site with the adjacent part of the street (M 1:500);
master plan of the site with a vertical layout and linking the project to the area (M 1:200, 1:1000);
basement plan (technical underground, basement floor);
floor plans (M 1:100, 1:50);
main and side facades of buildings (M 1:50, 1:100);
characteristic sections (M 1:100, 1:50);
plans for floors and coverings of non-repeating floors (M 1: 100);
roof rafter system plan (M 1:100);
roof plan (M 1:100, 1:200);
foundation plan (M 1:100, 1:50);
section of foundations, characteristic architectural and construction units and details (M 1:10, 1:20);
general explanatory note and technical and economic indicators;
budget and financial considerations for the cost of construction;
drawings of engineering support (according to the design assignment).

Author: V. Gorblyuk

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