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BIOGRAPHIES OF GREAT SCIENTISTS
Einstein Albert. Biography of a scientist
Directory / Biographies of great scientists
His name is often heard in the most common vernacular. "Einstein doesn't smell here"; "Wow Einstein"; "Yes, it's definitely not Einstein!" In his age, dominated by science as never before, he stands apart as a symbol of intellectual power. Sometimes the thought even seems to arise: humanity is divided into two parts - Albert Einstein and the rest of the world. Einstein, with his discoveries and revelations, was at the center of everything new, unusual, all this sorcery, so mysterious and fantastic. Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the small Austrian town of Ulm. Hermann Einstein, the father of the great physicist, stood out among his schoolmates with his excellent mathematical abilities even in his school years. Albert was one year old when the family moved to Munich. At the age of five, Albert saw a magnetic compass and was filled with awe and wonder that did not fade all his life. These feelings underlay all of his greatest scientific achievements. Later, at the age of twelve, he experienced the same astonishment when he looked into a geometry textbook for the first time. In Munich, Albert entered elementary school, and then the Luitpold Gymnasium. After finishing six classes, he lived until the autumn of 1895 in Milan and studied independently. In the autumn of 1895, he comes to Switzerland to enter the Higher Technical School in Zurich, the Polytechnic - that was the short name of this educational institution. Unfortunately, his knowledge of the historical and philological cycle was insufficient. Examinations in botany and French were failed. The director of the polytechnic really liked the self-taught young man, and he advised Einstein to enter the last class of the cantonal school in Aarau in order to receive a matriculation certificate. "Don't worry, Giuseppe Verdi was also not immediately admitted to the Milan Conservatory. You have a great future, I'm sure of that," the director said. After a year of study at Aarau, Albert decided to become a teacher of physics, and in October 1896, Einstein was finally admitted to the polytechnic to the teacher's department. In his first year at the Polytechnic, Einstein worked diligently in the physics laboratory, "fascinated by direct contact with experience." In addition to his interest in theoretical physics, in his student years, Einstein was interested in geology, cultural history, economics, and literary criticism. And he continues to engage in and engage in self-education ... The works of Helmholtz, Hertz and even Darwin appear on his desk. Albert did everything to obtain Swiss citizenship. In addition to all the formalities, he had to pay a thousand francs. The financial situation of the Einstein family was the most difficult, Hermann Einstein could send his son only 100 francs a month, Albert set aside most of this amount, denying himself everything. He ate very modestly, and dressed the same way. Albert hoped that, as a Swiss citizen, he could get a job as a school teacher. In the summer of 1900, the polytechnic school was completed, the grades received by Einstein were average. Albert received a diploma as a teacher of physics and mathematics, and in 1901 - Swiss citizenship. Einstein was not accepted into the Swiss army, as he was found to have flat feet and dilated veins. From the moment he graduated from the Polytechnic in 1900 until the spring of 1902, Albert Einstein could not find a permanent job. Einstein was overjoyed when he had the opportunity to fill in as a teacher at Winterthur. But this did not last long: the work was over, the money was over. Einstein was starving. This lifestyle led to the fact that he got a liver disease that tormented him all his life. Then, for a short time, Einstein taught mathematics and physics in Schaffhausen, in a boarding house for foreigners preparing to enter Swiss educational institutions. Things went from bad to worse. Albert once said that, apparently, he would soon have to walk the streets with a violin in order to earn a piece of bread. During these difficult years, Einstein wrote the article "Consequences of the theory of capillarity", it was published in 1901 in the Berlin "Annals of Physics". The article discussed the forces of attraction between the atoms of liquids. On the recommendation of his friend, the mathematician Marcel Grossmann, Albert Einstein was appointed third-class examiner with an annual salary of 3500 francs at the federal patent office in Bern. There he worked for more than seven years - from July 1902 to October 1909. Easy work and a simple way of life allowed Einstein during these years to become the largest theoretical physicist. After work, he had enough time to do his own research. Six months after getting a job at the patent office, Albert Einstein married Mileva Marich. He settled with his wife in Bern. The Einsteins rented the top floor of a grocer's house. In May 1904, the Einsteins had a son named Hans-Albert. Mileva Marich (Marity) was born in 1875 in the city of Titel (Hungary) into a Catholic family. The twenty-seven-year-old wife could least of all serve as a model for the Swiss fairy of the hearth, the pinnacle of ambition of which is the battle with dust, moths and rubbish. What did a good housewife mean to Einstein? "A good housewife is one who stands somewhere in the middle between a dirty woman and a clean one." According to Einstein's mother, Mileva was closer to the first. “However, it should be written in favor of Mileva,” Zeling continues in her memoirs, “that she bravely shared the years of need with Einstein and created for him to work, however, in a bohemian unsettled, but still relatively calm home.” Yes, however, Einstein needed little, because in everyday life he wanted to be as simple and unpretentious as possible. When one of Einstein's acquaintances asked him why he uses the same bar of soap for shaving and washing, the great physicist replied: "Two bars of soap are too difficult for me." Einstein himself called himself a "gypsy" and a "tramp" and never attached importance to his appearance. In 1904, he completed and sent to the journal "Annals of Physics" articles devoted to the study of issues of statistical mechanics and the molecular theory of heat. In 1905 these articles were published. As the famous physicist Louis de Broglie put it, these works were like sparkling rockets, illuminating the darkness of the night, revealing to us the endless and unknown expanses of the Universe. The scientist was able to explain the Brownian motion of molecules and concluded that it is possible to calculate the mass and number of molecules in a given volume. A few years later, this discovery was repeated by the French physicist Jean Perron, who received the Nobel Prize for it. The second paper proposed an explanation for the photoelectric effect. Einstein suggested that certain metals could emit electrons when exposed to electromagnetic radiation. Two scientists began to work in this direction at once: the Frenchman Philippe Delinard and the German Max Planck. Each of them received a Nobel Prize for their discovery. The third and most remarkable work of Einstein led to the creation of the special theory of relativity. The scientist came to the conclusion that no material object can move faster than light. Based on this, he came to the conclusion that the mass of a body depends on the speed of its movement and is a "frozen energy", which is associated with the formula - the mass times the square of the speed of light. After the publication of these papers, academic recognition came to Einstein. In the spring of 1909, Einstein was appointed Extraordinary Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Zurich. On July 28, 1910, the second son, Eduard, was born to the Einsteins. At the beginning of 1911, the scientist was invited to take an independent chair at a German university in Prague. And in the summer of the following year, Einstein returned to Zurich and took the place of a professor at the Polytechnic, in the very one where he sat at the student bench. In the summer of 1913, Einstein with his son Hans-Albert and Marie Curie with her daughters Irene and Eva spent some time in one of the most beautiful places in Switzerland, on the Engadine Glacier. According to the memoirs of Marie Curie, Einstein, even at moments of rest, with a backpack on his shoulders, did not stop thinking about the problem that worried him at the moment: “Once, when we were climbing a steep slope and we had to carefully monitor every step, Einstein suddenly stopped and said: "Yes, yes, Marie, the task that now confronts me is to find out the true meaning of the law of falling bodies in the void." He even reached for a piece of paper and a pen, which, as always, stuck out of his side pocket. "Marie said that ... how would they not have to test this law now on their own example! Albert laughed out loud, and we continued on our way." The birth of a new theory was very difficult for Einstein, about which he wrote to Mach on June 25, 1913: “These days you probably already received my new work on relativity and gravitation, which was finally completed after endless efforts and painful doubts. Next year, during a solar eclipse, it should be clarified whether light rays are bent near the Sun, in other words, whether the main fundamental assumption about the equivalence of the acceleration of the reference frame, on the one hand, and the gravitational field, on the other, is really confirmed. brilliantly confirmed - contrary to Planck's unfair criticism - your brilliant research on the fundamentals of mechanics, because it necessarily follows that the cause of inertia is a special kind of interaction of bodies - quite in the spirit of your reasoning about Newton's experiment with a bucket. In 1914, Einstein was invited to Germany to become a professor at the University of Berlin and at the same time director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. World War I broke out that same year, but as a Swiss citizen, Einstein did not take part in it. In 1915 in Berlin, the scientist completed his masterpiece - the general theory of relativity. It contained not only a generalization of the special theory of relativity, but also a new theory of gravitation. Einstein suggested that all bodies do not attract each other, as was believed since the time of Isaac Newton, but bend the surrounding space and time. It was such a revolutionary notion that many scientists considered Einstein's conclusion to be quackery. Among other phenomena, the deflection of light rays in the gravitational field was predicted, which was confirmed by British scientists during the solar eclipse of 1919. When the confirmation of his theory was officially announced, Einstein became world famous overnight. He could never understand this and, sending a Christmas card to his friend Heinrich Sanger in Zurich, he wrote: “Fame makes me dumber and dumber, which, however, is quite usual. There is a huge gap between what a person is and what he is. what others think of him, or at least say out loud. But all this must be taken without malice." In 1918, a few weeks after the signing of the armistice, Einstein traveled to Switzerland. During his visit, he annulled his marriage to Mileva Marić. After a divorce from his first wife, he continued to take care of her and his sons, the eldest of whom was already graduating from the gymnasium in Zurich. When Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in November 1922, he gave his sons the entire amount received. And at the same time, he constantly took care of the two daughters of his second wife, Elsa. Else Einstein-Loventhal was born in 1876 in Gechingen. Her father Rudolf was the cousin of Hermann Einstein, her mother Fanny was the sister of Paulina Einstein. Thus, Elsa was Albert's maternal cousin and paternal second cousin. Elsa and Albert knew each other, of course, since childhood. At twenty, Elsa married a merchant named Lowenthal. From her first marriage, she had two daughters, Ilse and Margot. But the marriage was short-lived. On June 2, 1919, Elsa and Albert Einstein got married. Even earlier, Elsa's daughters officially adopted the surname Einstein. Albert Einstein moved into his new wife's apartment. In 1920, Einstein wrote to Besso that he was "in good shape and in excellent spirits." Elsa took care of her husband, her "Albertl" hourly. Charlie Chaplin, who met her in 1931, wrote: "The vital force was beating out of this woman with a square figure. She frankly enjoyed the greatness of her husband and did not hide it at all, her enthusiasm even bribed." And here is Lunacharsky’s opinion: “She is a woman of not her first youth, gray-haired, but charming, still beautiful with moral beauty, more even than physical beauty. She is all love for her great husband; she is all ready to give herself up to protect him from the rough touches of life and giving him that great peace where his world ideas ripen. She is imbued with the consciousness of his great significance as a thinker and the most tender feeling of a friend, wife and mother for him, as for the most attractive and peculiar adult child. Ilsa and Margot had a great relationship with Einstein. Elsa was extremely happy. Despite the fact that Einstein was recognized as one of the greatest physicists in the world, he was persecuted in Germany because of his anti-militarist views and revolutionary physical theories. The scientist lived in Germany until 1933. There, he gradually became a target of hatred. Still, a liberal, a humanist, a Jew, an internationalist, he aroused anger among the local nationalists and anti-Semites, who were encouraged to do the same by several envious German scientists. A powerful faction, as Einstein characterized them, at the same time finding everything that happens to be full of comedy and worthy of laughter. He called it "The Anti-Relativity Theory Company, Limited." When Hitler came to power, Einstein left the country and moved to the United States, where he began working at the Institute for Basic Physics Research in Princeton, Einstein's fame did not fade and caused a colossal flow of various letters. For example, a schoolgirl from Washington complained that she had difficulty in mathematics and had to study more than others in order to keep up with her comrades. Answering her, Einstein, in particular, wrote: "Do not be upset by your difficulties with mathematics, believe me, my difficulties are even greater than yours." On August 1939, XNUMX, Einstein sent a letter to US President Franklin Roosevelt to warn Nazi Germany of the possibility of using atomic weapons. He wrote that research on the fission of uranium could lead to the creation of weapons of enormous destructive power. Later, the scientist regretted this letter. Einstein condemned American "atomic diplomacy", which consisted in the US monopoly in the field of atomic weapons. He criticized the United States government for trying to blackmail other countries. The scientist was categorically against the destructive application of scientific discoveries, he believed that in the future scientific discoveries would be used only in the interests of people. Shocked by the horrific consequences of nuclear explosions, the scientist became an ardent opponent of war, believing that the use of nuclear weapons posed a threat to the very existence of mankind. Shortly before his death, Einstein became one of the initiators of the appeal of the world's leading scientists, addressed to the governments of all countries, with a warning about the dangers of using the hydrogen bomb. This proclamation was the beginning of a movement that united the most prominent scientists in the struggle for peace, which was called Pugwash. After Einstein's death, it was headed by the greatest English philosopher and physicist Bertrand Russell. On April 18, 1955, at 1:25 a.m., Einstein died of an aortic aneurysm. Einstein, who hated the cult of personality, banned all funeral ceremonies. The twelve closest people followed the coffin the next day. The place and time of the funeral were not known to anyone else (as the will said). There were no speeches, the ashes of the scientist Einstein were set on fire in the Ewing Simteri crematorium, the ashes were scattered to the wind. Author: Samin D.K.
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