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How did the economic development of the leading countries of Europe and America occur at the end of the XNUMXth - beginning of the XNUMXth centuries? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How did the economic development of the leading countries of Europe and America occur at the end of the XNUMXth - beginning of the XNUMXth centuries? At the end of the nineteenth century. in Europe and North America there have been major changes in all spheres of life, and above all in the economic. By this time, the period of formation of the capitalist structure had ended. Reforms began to play an important role in the politics of the bourgeoisie. For a number of leading capitalist countries, following Great Britain, the era of the "coal and steel industry," that is, the accelerated development of heavy industry as the basis for industrialization, ended. The rate of development of railway construction has somewhat moderated. In North America (first in the USA, then in Canada), the colonization of free lands ended. New technologies and new equipment became the main direction in capitalist economic development. This allowed scientists to name new processes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. second industrial revolution. Since the beginning of the twentieth century. transcontinental railways and highways, ocean-going ships and airplanes, telephone and radio are becoming symbols of modern times. Technological maturity at the beginning of the twentieth century. belonged to several "advanced" countries - Great Britain, Germany, the USA, partly France and Belgium. At that time, Sweden, Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Canada, and Japan also embarked on the path of accelerated industrialization. Germany has been especially successful in completing industrialization and in developing advanced industries, especially the chemical industry and electric power; in the creation of the largest factories and the concentration of financial institutions and banks. The agricultural sector played an important role in the economic life of European countries. The processes of restructuring the economy in an intensive way have also intensified here. The increase in the productivity of agricultural production was carried out through the introduction of the latest technologies, reorientation to new market demands. Agricultural production became more and more closely integrated into the overall economic system, and thus the gap between the two main sectors of the economy, inherited from traditional society, began to be bridged. Rapid industrialization expanded the capacity of the domestic market of the leading countries of the world. This determined the growth of foreign trade. The struggle for control of national markets became more and more fierce. New phenomena in the development of capitalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. became known as imperialist. Among the many works on the problem of the transition of capitalist countries to the imperialist stage of development, V. I. Lenin's popular essay "Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism" occupies a prominent place. His task was "to show what was the final picture of the world capitalist economy at the beginning of the XNUMXth century." V. I. Lenin reduced the variety of features of the latest capitalism to five characteristic features: the transformation of competition into a monopoly; the fusion of industrial and banking capital and the formation of finance capital; the predominant importance of the export of capital before the export of goods; the formation of international alliances of monopolies, the completion of the territorial division of the world by the major capitalist powers. Since the central signs were the assertion of the dominant position in the economy of the largest corporations and the "replacement" of free competition capitalism by monopoly, the newest phase of capitalism was called monopoly capitalism. But the theory of "imperialism" underestimated the viability of capitalism, its potential for self-regulation and self-reform. Already the experience of the history of the early twentieth century. showed that the economic and social reforms of the bourgeois states have become an important means of adapting the bourgeoisie to new conditions. During the period of imperialism, the influence of big business on the general course of state policy increased. However, the state power also had a certain independence. In a number of capitalist countries, labor legislation was strengthened in order to regulate socio-economic relations, and antitrust laws began to appear. Author: Irina Tkachenko
Why will we never forget Caesar? Everyone has heard about the deeds of Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC), we all know about his victorious campaigns against the Gauls and Germans, about the landing of Roman legionnaires under his command in Britain, about the numerous wars that he waged and battles, in which he took part, about his love for the queen of Egypt, Cleopatra. For example, in 47 BC, Caesar won a brilliant victory over a certain Pharnaces, the son of the Pontic king Mithridates, the implacable enemy of the Romans. This Pharnaces, at the decisive moment of his father's battle with the Romans, treacherously betrayed him. Desperate, Mithridates committed suicide. Caesar, who was then in Egypt, opposed Pharnaces. He was frightened and sent ambassadors to Caesar to conclude peace. He was brought a golden wreath and even offered to be engaged to the daughter of Pharnak. Caesar calmly listened to the messengers, while continuing to move with his army to the fortifications of Farnak. Seeing his opponent, Caesar, exclaiming: "Is it possible that this parricide will not receive punishment immediately?" - rushed to the attack, put Farnak to flight and killed most of his army. The campaign lasted only 5 days, which allowed Caesar to write to one of his friends in Rome: "I came, I saw, I conquered!" ("Veni, vidi, vici!" in Latin). But not only thanks to winged words, we cannot forget Julius Caesar. The fact is that, in addition to the fact that at all times it was difficult to find an equally bright and amazing personality, the Julian calendar familiar to us was introduced by him. True, we now live according to the Gregorian style, which differs only in the number of leap years. The month of July is also named after Caesar's family name. The Russian word "tsar" was borrowed by Ivan the Terrible from the name of Caesar. And the German word "Kaiser" is a distorted "Caesar", and Caesar is also Caesar. Agree, in history there was no case that the name of one person for two thousand years was used by different nations to designate the head of state.
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