What were the prerequisites, stages, results of the bourgeois revolution in England? Detailed answer

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What were the prerequisites, stages, results of the bourgeois revolution in England? Detailed answer

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What were the prerequisites, stages, results of the bourgeois revolution in England?

Of great importance for the victory of capitalism over the feudal system was the victory of the English bourgeois revolution in the middle of the XNUMXth century.

The coexistence of two socio-economic structures (feudal and emerging bourgeois) increased the conflict potential of English society. But most clearly this confrontation was seen on religious grounds. In England there were people who were not satisfied with the existing order of things. They sought to restructure society, to change the relationship between society and government.

England at that time was an absolute monarchy. Since 1625, it was headed by the representative of the Stuart dynasty, Charles I. His sole rule caused growing discontent in various sectors of society, primarily among the gentry (noble landowners), the merchant bourgeoisie, and the owners of manufactories. Almost all representatives of the emerging bourgeoisie were not satisfied with the financial policy of the royal government, the growing tax burden. Irritation was also caused by the way these funds were spent. For the most part, they went not to serve the real state interests of the country, but to cover the exorbitant expenses of the court. Irritated by the foreign policy of Charles I, seeking to improve relations with England's worst enemy - Catholic Spain.

The House of Commons of the English Parliament became the center of social discontent, and Puritanism (an English variety of Protestantism) became the ideological basis of the protest. The conflict between the royal dynasty and the English Parliament was the main cause of the revolution.

In 1928, Parliament presented its claims to the King in the "Petition of Right", which defended the traditional rights and freedoms of the British. The monarch at first accepted the conditions of parliament, but soon changed his policy: he dissolved parliament and ruled alone until 1640.

The establishment of the "solid" power of the king did not bring peace to the country. The king, by his policy, did not contribute to the reduction of the protest potential of society. The situation worsened during the war waged by England in Scotland. During this period, the requirements for convening parliament were updated.

On November 3, the new parliament met. It went down in history under the name of the Long Parliament, the convocation of which is considered to be the beginning of the revolution, since the deputies did not hide the fact that they would seek to limit the arbitrariness of the court.

These events split the country into two opposing camps: royalists - supporters of royal power - and supporters of parliament.

In the parliament itself, by 1641, there were disagreements that were most clearly manifested during the discussion of the program document - the "Great Remonstrance". Consisting of 204 articles, it contained a detailed list of the king's abuses and put forward a demand to establish the king's rule under the control of parliament. The king was outraged by the attack on his rights. In 1642 he declared war on parliament. The civil war broke out in the country.

At first, success in it accompanied the king. But by 1644, a turning point was outlined in the course of hostilities. This was due to the name of Oliver Cromwell, who led the parliamentary army. The outcome of the war was determined in the battle near the village of Naseby in June 1945. The King was forced to leave England. The civil war ended with the victory of Parliament.

A moderate grouping of Presbyterians, after a series of transformations in the country, strove for political stability. But the radical representatives of the Presbyterians - the Independents, who were supported by the revolutionary army, believed that the changes needed to be expanded, not limited only to satisfying the interests of large owners, but of all trade and financial strata. Even more radical demands were put forward by the Levellers (equalizers), whose recognized leader was J. Lilburn. Disputes between the various factions of Parliament intensified. The king took advantage of this. In February 1648, civil war broke out again in the country. It ended with the victory of Parliament. In 1649 the king was executed, and in May 1649 England became a republic.

In 1660, the restoration of the monarchy took place in England. But it was no longer an absolute monarchy, as before, but a constitutional one.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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