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Is installation necessary?
At least for the first time after buying a video camera, the happy owner resembles a reporter for the program "Chronicles of Every Minute". Removed absolutely everything. Moreover, each event, be it a picnic, a wedding, a birthday or something else, is carefully filmed completely, from beginning to end, with the desire not to miss a single detail. It is not surprising that when trying to show the guests the result after 10 minutes, the host is disappointed when he sees suppressed yawns or outright boredom. Few people enjoy watching real events in detail on video. It is not at all necessary to show the half-hour process of eating chicken or the entire monotonous panorama from the car window, especially since the view may not change for hours. At the same time, there are some other events nearby that may also be interesting. But if a person can simultaneously capture several processes and quickly switch, then the camera shows only one. You have to choose. Sometimes it is still difficult to understand the material without the creator's commentary, not to go everywhere as an addition to your film! And I want to do the best I can. Without an appreciative audience, the work usually seems meaningless in this case. The process of making a film is complex. Think about how many people (not counting the actors) are involved in a typical movie - credits can be extremely long. And it's not just that. One creates the script, the second directs the shooting, the third is responsible for the sound, the fourth for special effects, the fifth ... The list is long. When shooting at home, all these functions will have to be performed by you alone. And in order for the result to look like professional films, it is good to understand the structure of the process of making a film. It can be conditionally divided into several parts. The first part is creating the script. Even when shooting at home, you need to imagine what you want to get. Of course, there are two options: shooting according to a pre-prepared scenario, where you can re-shoot each scene several times, and more common shooting of ongoing events. But in the second case, you can know which of the ongoing actions you need. The second part is video. Here it is already good to follow the script, or at least the idea of the future film, otherwise it will be just a hodgepodge of unrelated plots. You can consider the recording of sound for the film as a separate stage. Especially if a musical concert is being filmed, it is better to record the sound with a microphone that is more suitable for this, and not built into the camera. But in this article, we will focus on the final stage, at which all the results of previous work are brought together. The final process in creating a quality film is called Postmastering. Sometimes it is even more important than the shooting itself, as it allows you to stretch low-quality recordings into a more or less decent video. For a normal interesting show, only part of the footage is used (about 10% on average). The process in which unnecessary frames are removed, episodes are lined up and transitions are created between them, titles, special effects, sound are overlaid, is called VIDEO MONTAGE. If, while working on the material, you want to change some visual parameters (brightness, contrast, color) or create computer animation inserts, then this will already apply to video editing. In homework, for starters, you can limit yourself to editing. There are two main types of editing: linear and non-linear. Line Editing - in which all the processes of recording and applying effects take place in real time. The simplest (classic A-Roll) scheme: a simple census of individual episodes is made from the source (camera or tape recorder) to the receiving device (another tape recorder). In the simplest version, a person controls all this, choosing the episodes he needs and pressing buttons. Simple gluing of scenes is usually not enough for a comfortable perception of the picture, therefore, additionally, transitions are inserted between scenes, titles are added, and comments are added. Previously, two tape recorders, a mixing console, an editing table, and devices for overlaying special effects and titles were used for this. Moreover, with the growth of requirements for the final material, the amount of equipment is growing. After all, all video sources must work synchronously - they add a synchronizer. It is necessary to add a commentary and music - an audio mixer appears. With a simple A-Roll scheme, the transition between episodes is difficult. First, the first scene is fed into the special effects device, then the transition is set, then the second scene.
To obtain better transitions, the end of the first episode and the beginning of the second are fed into the mixer at the same time. In such a scheme, two VCRs are used - the source and one for recording. This is the most common A/B-roll scheme. All devices are controlled by the editing controller. For precise positioning of frames, a time-code is used, which is recorded on the film parallel to the image (in fact, all image frames are numbered). The disadvantage of linear editing is the loss of quality due to rewriting (as with conventional copying of video cassettes), significant labor costs, a large number and high cost of the necessary equipment. It is also very difficult to ensure that episodes line up exactly, despite the time code. The fact is that most tape recorders provide stop-start accuracy only up to 4 frames. From the point of view of professionals, this is low quality. Plus the time spent on rewinding the film to the desired episode. In general, the process is very demanding on human resources (attention and patience - you can’t go anywhere). Therefore, in many cases, another type of installation looks much more attractive. Nonlinear editing - editing option (much more efficient than linear), in which the material from the film is digitized (if it is analog), transferred to the computer's hard drive, and only then they work with this received file. You can mount, edit, copy - whatever you want. The computer takes over all the functions of additional devices. Advantages - instant access to any section of the recording, great editing opportunities and higher quality of the resulting material than linear editing. Moreover, you can copy the material in this form as much as you like, without fear for the quality. And you don't need a second tape recorder - just a camera and a computer. First you record from the camera to the computer, then process it, then write the result to the same camera. The disadvantages of the non-linear scheme are sometimes a very long time for processing the material (depending on the power of the computer). Of course, professional non-linear editing and editing for the home studio is not yet widely available (thousands and tens of thousands of dollars), but computer boards for non-linear editing are already available for home video. And do not forget that as a result of linear editing you will get the result on film, and with non-linear editing you can make not only a video cassette, but also a VideoCD and even a DVD-Video disc! The third installation option - hybrid - combines the advantages of the two previous ones. The source for linear editing here is digitized video (computer). But this is an even more expensive scheme than the previous ones. Consider how these schemes can be implemented at home. Household appliances - disadvantages and advantages The bare minimum you start with is apparently a camcorder and VCR. With them, primitive linear editing is already available to you. If you don't have one of these devices yet, don't forget about compatibility when buying a second one. First you need to decide what video quality you are going to work with. In household appliances, one can conditionally distinguish VHS-video (and analogues - Video8, VHS-C), SVHS (Hi8), DV (Digital8). VHS and S-VHS are analog recording modes. The VHS standard approves horizontal resolution up to 240 lines, S-VHS - from 380 to 420. As with any analog recording, when rewriting cassettes, copies are worse than the original. DV-recording is already digital, so when copying quality loss is not noticeable. And the resolution here is already up to 500 lines - almost like in professional TV. It makes sense to buy a tape recorder of the same class as the camera. If you have an analog output on your DV-camera, then you can edit it on an analog tape recorder. Better, of course, on DV - but, firstly, they are much more expensive, secondly, not all cameras have a DV output, and thirdly, S-Video output on DV cameras gives good quality. It is better not to use VHS cameras for editing (and tape recorders too) due to very strong quality losses already during the first re-recording. S-VHS for editing fit much better. They have better signal quality. Many cameras already have built-in editing features. For example, you can mark several scenes on the camera (usually 8-20), which will then be automatically transferred to the tape recorder in the specified order. It is only necessary that the tape recorder be compatible with this camera. Plus there are built-in transitions and effects. Please note that there are effects on the record - these are the ones that you use during the shooting process, and there are effects that can be applied on playback. Professionals do not use transition effects when recording, leaving them for the editing process. You will need exactly the effects when playing. Some cameras have the ability to overlay titles. Pay attention to Cyrillic support. Also, some cameras allow, if necessary, to control the editing from a computer. Most lucky owners of DV-cameras. Not only is the quality not lost during rewriting, but such cameras have much more functions. Number of built-in effects, faders, titles. Up to installation management. Pay attention to the inputs and outputs on such cameras. There are models that have a DV output but no DV input. This camera cannot be used as a recorder and cannot be controlled from a computer via a cable. But on many models, in addition to the DV output, there is an S-Video output, which is very useful for duplicating cassettes on analog media. And if there is an analog video input, then the camera can be used as an S-Video - DV decoder. Remember that loss of quality is not only due to signal distortion, but also due to the gradual abrasion of the film, so sooner or later even DV video will deteriorate. And there is no need to talk about analog recordings. So sooner or later you will have to think about creating a more eternal archive. Again, the computer method turns out to be the simplest and cheapest here, but more on that later. Tape recorders for recording are best used with built-in editing functions. The most common are insertion and audio dubbing (sound overlay). When using simple VCRs, you can only splice episodes. This simultaneously replaces both video and audio tracks. The insert function allows you to edit not only by gluing, as usual, but also by inserting an episode into an already finished film (without distorting the sound). And audio overlay will allow you to add an audio track without changing the video and sometimes mixing the audio. With this feature, you can add your own comments or music to the video. An audio mixer or conventional audio center is connected to a VCR with audio dubbing for dubbing. If you don't have a VCR with audio dubbing, try using a computer with a sound card as your mixer. The audio output of the camera, microphone, if desired, the music center is connected to the audio input of the computer, and the signal for the recording tape recorder is taken from the audio output. The video signal is sent directly to the tape recorder. After connecting the camera to the tape recorder and connecting other devices, if you have them, you can start editing. But so that there is no "mess", do a little preliminary work. First, scroll through the original recordings, break them into scenes, and on pieces of paper mark the beginning and end of each episode, focusing on the tape counter or time-code. Write a summary of each scene. These will be your assembly sheets. They will help you navigate your notes. If you are using multiple source cassettes, mark which one each episode belongs to. Now build on paper the structure of the future film, noting in what order the episodes will go. If you intend to add your comments or something else, everything should be reflected in the assembly sheets. It is very important to choose the scenes so that the transition does not seem too abrupt. We wrote about this in previous issues of the magazine. Do not forget about nice music and comments that would be useful to put on the video. In some places, titles will be more appropriate. Mark everything on paper. The optimal result will most likely not be obtained immediately. But sooner or later you will be satisfied with your work. Although when editing with such means, we are faced with a dilemma - a simple film on the equipment that we have, or a more colorful picture for a lot of money. Of course, you can use various video and audio mixers, title overlay devices, synchronizers. But each of these home-made devices costs from a thousand dollars, and in a home studio they will be extremely unprofitable. Therefore, if you do not have enough editing capabilities of your camera and tape recorder, then it is easier to turn to a computer. Now the functions of almost all intermediate devices can be transferred to a computer. Computer linear editing appeared, which is available to almost all video amateurs. There are different types of computer line editing modules that connect to a computer, connect the source and destination of the recording, and the computer controls it all (under your wise guidance). Computer video editing To work with a computer, it is absolutely not necessary to know exactly how it works, what is inside. In principle, learning to handle it is no more difficult than with a modern music center. But sometimes this additional information makes life much easier and saves time. If you try to draw an analogy between household appliances and a computer, then it will look something like this: a monitor is a TV, a hard drive is a film. Just as you copy songs from a CD to a cassette tape, you copy videos from a tape in a special way to a hard drive. But since this operation is rather complicated, special devices are required, such as image digitizing boards. The simplest version of editing using a computer is linear editing. If you have a camcorder and a tape recorder, then the role of the editing table, video switcher, audio mixer, title overlay device and all other auxiliary devices can be shifted to the computer. In this case, all the equipment fits on the desktop. Camcorder - computer with monitor - VCR. If desired, you can simultaneously output the result to the TV. Typically, boards for linear video editing are made in the form of separate blocks that are connected to the computer's parallel port. A camera and a tape recorder are connected to this unit. The camera and tape recorder are controlled either by special cords or by infrared control. Some boards allow you to connect two recording sources, but this is usually not necessary. The capabilities of such devices also vary greatly. A separate topic that can take more than one page is linear editing programs. Usually you can work perfectly with the "native" program from the kit of such a board.
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