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Let us now analyze some of the tasks given in the previous chapters. This will make it easier for you to solve other problems on your own.

Let's start with problem 11 - about coloring wood. It is solved like this: the tree is painted before it is cut down. The paint solution is fed to the roots, and the paint, along with the juices, spreads throughout the tree.

It is not difficult to solve problem 13 - about the processing of thin sheets of glass: for the duration of processing they are put together in a thick pack.

In Problem 16, about the crashed aircraft, there is a hint: the airship must be used and the airship must not be used. Under the wings of the crashed aircraft, elongated elastic cylinders are placed and filled with

compressed air. The balloons gently lift the plane. And below, under the cylinders, carts are installed; aircraft can be towed. There is no airship, and it seems to be; the aircraft is supported by gas cylinders...

Problem 20 - about a catamaran - is not difficult to solve if you remember that technical systems at the third stage of development become reconfigurable, dynamic, changing. Inventor E. I. Lapin received a copyright certificate No. 524 728 for a catamaran, the hulls of which are connected by movable racks and can, if necessary, approach each other. On such a catamaran it is easier to pass through narrow river locks.

Problem 24 has a similar solution - about a dredger. The pipeline must become dynamic and mobile. In good weather, it will stay at the top, and in bad weather, it will go down.

It is curious that Problem 25 (the screw for Carlson) is also solved by switching to a dynamic, changing design. The screw should be large in flight and small when Carlson is not flying. To do this, the propeller blades must be made from thin plates and rolled up like a toy "tongue". When the screw rotates, centrifugal forces will expand the plates, they will become large. The screw will stop - and the plates will curl up ...

It is interesting to note that a group of inventors recently obtained a copyright certificate for a life-saving device exactly copied from the "tongue" toy. A long elastic tube is rolled up. It is necessary to apply compressed gas to such a tube, and it will quickly turn around and stretch from the ship to the drowning man ...

Tasks 23 (shooting a contour film) and 26 (laying diamond grains) are generally very difficult. But you know the rule: ferromagnetic powder must be added to the substance and the movement of the substance must be controlled using a magnetic field. Instead of a cord, they take a tube and fill it with ferromagnetic powder. Or they simply impregnate the threads with glue and sprinkle them with iron filings. The threads are laid on a plywood board and controlled by strong magnets located behind the board.

Diamonds are a little more difficult. They have to spray a thin layer of iron. And then everything is the same: they act with a magnetic field, laying the pyramids with their tops up.

These problems are similar to problem 57 - about the hunter. In order for the field to act on the substance, it is necessary to add some other substance that can respond to the action of the zero. One more "substance" that is sensitive to the sound field must be added to the hunter...

In Problem 27, about stacking fruit, one must use the Su-field destruction rule: between two colliding fruits, there must be a third substance similar to a fruit. For example, a soft ball. Let's throw two dozen of these balls into the box, they will soften the blows. The box is installed on a vibrating table, so light balls are always in the top layer, bravely taking on the blows of falling fruits.

Here, however, the question arises: what to do with these balls when the box is full? Do not transfer them manually to the next box... You are well aware of the tasks of moving objects. A magnetic plate is embedded in the ball. An electromagnet is placed above the box. When the box is full, turn on the electromagnet, and the balls "jump" out of the box. The conveyor removes the full box and puts an empty one in its place. The electromagnet is turned off, the balls "jump" into the box, you can serve the fruits ...

Problem 38, about iron powder in a polymer, is, as you probably noticed, very similar to the lubricant example discussed in Chapter XNUMX. And the answer is the same: you need to use an iron compound that breaks down in a hot polymer.

Problem 44 is more difficult - about the oil pipeline. Liquids going end-to-end through the pipeline are separated from each other by a strong rubber ball - a separator. Well, let's use the PBC operator. Let's start mentally reducing the size of the ball. Instead of one big ball - many soccer balls. Or tennis. Or even less - pellets floating in the liquid. Even a copyright certificate for such a "cork" has been issued. Everything is logical: a rigid "plug" should be replaced by a dynamic "plug", this corresponds to the general trend in the development of technical systems.

What if we continue the thought experiment? Let's move on from fractions to even smaller particles - molecules. The idea of ​​a "plug" of liquid or gas arises. The gas "cork" cannot be a separator - oil will pass through the gas. But a liquid "cork" is possible. One petroleum product, such as kerosene, then a water plug, followed by another petroleum product, say gasoline. The liquid "plug" has huge advantages: it will never get stuck in the pipeline and will freely pass through the pumps of intermediate stations. But this "cork" has a significant drawback. Oil products going up to the "cork" and after it will

penetrate the liquid separator. The head and tail parts of the "cork" will gradually mix with oil products. It is difficult to separate these oil products from water; at the terminal station, the "cork" and oil products that have fallen on it will have to be thrown away.

Let's formulate the IFR: the liquid substance of the "cork", having arrived in the reservoir at the terminal station, must itself be separated from the oil. There are only two possibilities - the liquid becomes a solid and precipitates, or turns into a gas and evaporates. The transition to gas is more tempting, the solid precipitate must be filtered out, and the gas itself will disappear. This means that we need a substance that at high pressure (in the oil pipeline pressure of tens of atmospheres) will be liquid, and at normal pressure - gaseous.

Remember the old principle: like dissolves like. Oil is an organic substance, and we need the "cork" not to dissolve in oil. Therefore, for the "cork" you need an inorganic liquid. Cheap, safe, inert in relation to oil products... With such a detailed list of signs, it is easy to find a suitable substance in the directory. Ordinary ammonia has all the qualities that interest us. A "plug" of liquid ammonia will reliably separate the liquids going through the pipeline. On the way, the “cork” will partially mix with oil products, but this is not a problem: at the final station, ammonia will turn into gas, and oil will remain in the tank.

After we came up with a "cork" from the liquid, we can safely take on problem 48 - about the ship's hull. According to the conditions of the task, the body must become flexible, mobile. Well, let's imagine that the hull skin is made of... liquid. A wild idea, of course, but now we have some experience of turning a solid into a liquid ... In addition, the RVS operator and modeling by little men lead exactly to this idea.

So, instead of a steel sheet - a "sheet" of liquid. First concern: how to make sure that the liquid does not spill? You will have to put flexible shells on both sides, for example, made of dense rubber. And so that the water does not spill out, you need to connect the shells with partitions. You will get a wall assembled from rubber heaters. It's funny... However, some inventors believe that this is how the "skin" of a dolphin is arranged. Models covered with similar shells were built. It turned out that the models experience reduced water resistance when towing: flexible shells create fewer vortices. But still, artificial flexible coatings worked much worse than the "skin" of a live dolphin. The dolphin can change the shape of the "skin" surface, adapting to changing external conditions. And artificial surfaces were lifeless, they lacked mobility, they could not "play" by changing shape. A new problem arose: how to control the shape of each section of the flexible coating?

(Please note: often one task gives rise to another, a chain of tasks is formed. We must move forward, not stopping halfway.)

The task of "animating" a flexible shell should be easy for you to solve. After all, this is a task for moving; it is necessary to control the movement of the fluid under the flexible shell. Let's build a su-field: add ferromagnetic particles to the liquid and control its movement with the help of electromagnets. Copyright certificate No. 457 529 for this invention was issued not to shipbuilders, but to physicists from the Institute of Electrodynamics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences...

The last question remains: can there be ships without a hull at all?

Such ships have been around for a long time, and you know them. These are rafts. They do not have a hull, because the logs from which they are made are a load. But while sailing, the logs also serve as a hull. In English patent No. 1 403 191, a ship is described with a long, like a snake, hull made of metal boxes - containers. A tiny "head" - the towing part with the engine - pulls a flexible "torso" assembled from containers ...

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