Technique, industry, architecture - Drafting devices and tools. Crosswordist's Handbook

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Crosswordist's Handbook

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Technique, industry, architecture / Devices and tools / Drawing devices and tools

(4)

PEN

(5)

SHIELD - plates made of transparent plastic with slots, used to remove extra lines with an eraser

(6)

LEKALO - for drawing curved lines

NONIUS (vernier) - a device for more accurate determination of the proportions of divisions on a caliper

(7)

VERNIER - see Nonius

KULMAN - drawing board with pantograph device

RULER

PALETKA - a transparent plate with a grid of lines, for counting coordinates

ELASTIC

COMPASS

(8)

AGROMETER - a ruler with a scale for calculating areas according to the plan

PENCIL

OPTIMETER - an optical device for high-precision determination of linear dimensions

REISSHINA - drawing ruler with transverse head

STENCIL

ELBOW

(9)

HECTOGRAPH - a device for reproduction of text and illustrations

CURVIMETER - a device for determining the length of curved lines

SCALE - a ruler of triangular or trapezoidal section for measuring lengths

MICROMETER - a tool for high-precision measurement of length

PANTOGRAPH - a tool for copying plans or drawings to a new scale

PLANIMETER - a device for determining the areas of flat figures

REJSFEDER - a tool for drawing lines with ink or paint

(10)

COOKING

METER - a tool consisting of two sliding legs with needles at the ends

CONICOGRAPH - articulated mechanisms for drawing curves

KRIVONOZhKA - a rotating drawing pen for drawing curved lines

EXTENSION

(11)

CIRCULAR - measuring tool

PROTRACTOR

TRIANGLE

(13)

PERSPECTOGRAPH - a device for drawing perspective projections

(14)

COORDINATOGRAPH

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In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers. ... >>

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Random news from the Archive

Water turns into fuel 16.09.2012

A group of scientists from the California Institute of Technology has uncovered the mechanism of the cobalt catalyst, which is able to effectively split water and extract hydrogen from it. The scientists added a set of ligands to cobalt and were able to slow down the water splitting reaction in order to study its chemical mechanism in depth.

Scientists and engineers around the world are working to find alternative energy sources. In particular, over solar fuel cells, which will produce hydrogen during daylight hours in order to subsequently turn it into an environmentally friendly high-performance fuel. However, it has not yet been possible to find reliable catalysts necessary for cheap water splitting. Platinum catalysts are quite effective, but platinum is too expensive a metal for this purpose.

Cobalt and nickel catalysts have the potential to be used as a low-cost alternative, but there is still a long way to go to bring them to the mass production stage. The main problem is that so far no one has been able to pinpoint the exact mechanism by which cobalt breaks down water.

American scientists managed to solve this problem. Moreover, their success paves the way for the development of more efficient catalysts based on iron, an element that is abundant and inexpensive on Earth. By slowing down the water splitting reaction, for the first time scientists could observe key steps of this reaction using nuclear magnetic resonance in the presence of a cobalt catalyst.

The so-called Dempsey mechanism turned out to be the predominant way of producing hydrogen in a cobalt catalyst. It includes key intermediate reactions with the capture of an extra electron and the formation of a cobalt (II) hydride compound, which is the most active participant in the cleavage reaction.

Scientists now know that to produce hydrogen using cobalt catalysts, all you need to do is add electrons. It remains to be found compounds that could supply extra electrons, or create a combination of cobalt with extra electrons already present in it, but this work does not seem difficult to researchers.

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