The temperature of the photosphere of red supergiants has been measured. Free Technical Library News

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Photosphere temperature of red supergiants measured

02.03.2021

Scientists at the University of Tokyo in Japan have for the first time accurately measured the temperature of the photosphere of red supergiants.

Red supergiants are the brightest, shortest-lived, and largest stars in the universe. Usually, at the end of their lives, they explode as a supernova, but astronomers cannot yet predict exactly when this will happen.

This is due to the fact that scientists until recently could not determine the exact temperature of the photosphere of these stars - the lower layer of their atmosphere, in which most of the star's radiation is produced.

To measure the temperature of a red supergiant, it is necessary to find clearly visible parts of the star's photosphere, the emission spectrum of which was not affected by the upper layers of their atmosphere. In addition, there is no one specific absorption line that would unambiguously indicate the surface temperature of such stars.

Thus, astronomers determined the temperature of the photosphere of ten nearby red supergiants with an accuracy of 30-70 kelvins. In particular, for Betelgeuse it is 3344,85 degrees Celsius, which is about 1,68 times less than the temperature of the Sun's photosphere.

These latest changes, astrophysicists are sure, will help to understand what processes are taking place in the depths of such luminaries, as well as to make the first full-fledged predictions on how close Betelgeuse is to becoming a supernova.

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Time may not exist 02.02.2023

The researchers found that causality, not time, is the main characteristic of our universe.

Australian Catholic University expert Sam Baron believes that physics is in crisis. For the past century, scientists have been explaining the universe in terms of two extremely successful theories: general relativity and quantum mechanics. According to him, quantum mechanics successfully justifies working in the incredibly tiny world of particles and their interactions. At the same time, the general theory of relativity describes the general picture of gravity and the movement of objects.

These theories largely contradict each other. Therefore, scientists believe that they should be replaced by one common. In particular, we are talking about the theory of "quantum gravity", which should explain how gravity works on the smallest scale.

At the same time, scientists note that creating a new theory of quantum gravity is an extremely difficult task. One such attempt was string theory. She replaced particles with strings vibrating in 11 dimensions. However, string theory ran into some difficulties. The theory describes a universe similar to ours, but does not provide any clear predictions that could be tested through experiments. Thus, the theory put forward can neither be confirmed nor refuted, the scientists added.

The most famous approach after that was loop quantum gravity. It says that the fabric of space and time consists of a network of very small discrete fragments, in other words "loops". One of the most powerful features of loop quantum gravity is the abolition of time.

“Loop quantum gravity is not the only theory that eliminates time. A number of other approaches also eliminate time as a fundamental aspect of reality. There are no tables, chairs or even people in the theories of physics, and yet we still know that all this exists. We know very well that all of the above is made up of fundamental particles, but we have no idea what time can "consist" of. Until we can give a clear explanation of how time arises, it is not clear whether we can say that it exists, " - emphasized the scientists.

According to him, based on this, time may not exist in any of the available theories. However, the theories leave the causal relationship intact. That is, physics says that causality, not time, is the main characteristic of our universe.

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