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Interaction between two space-time crystals

26.08.2020

Scientists, for the first time in the history of science, managed to witness the interaction between two material formations that are in a special quantum state, known as "spatio-temporal crystals".

The results of this achievement can become the basis of new technologies for processing quantum information due to the fact that the structure of space-time crystals remains stable and maintains its consistency, regardless of changing environmental conditions. And it is this stability that can ensure the reliable operation of the processors of powerful quantum computers, consisting of hundreds and thousands of quantum bits, qubits.

Space-time crystals have practically nothing in common with ordinary crystals, which consist of atoms connected to each other, forming a lattice structure repeating in space. The theoretical possibility of the existence of space-time crystals was substantiated in 2012 by Nobel laureate Frank Wilczek, and already in 2016, scientists managed to create and observe the behavior of the particles of the first real space-time crystal.

The particles that make up the space-time crystals are in constant motion, they oscillate, rotate and move in different directions. But, despite such a complex movement, at strictly defined intervals, the structure of the entire crystal returns to its original form, regardless of any external influences.

An international team of scientists from the Universities of Lancaster and Yale University, Great Britain, Aalto University, Helsinki, has created space-time crystals in the medium of helium-3, a rare isotope of helium, in the nucleus of which one neutron is missing. Superfluid helium-3 has been cooled to a temperature one ten-thousandth of a degree above absolute zero (0,0001K or -273,15 degrees Celsius). And in the superfluid liquid (superfluid) obtained after such cooling, scientists managed to induce two crystals that slightly "affected" each other.

Looking into the volume of superfluid using specialized equipment, scientists saw that two crystals interact with each other. Particles from one crystal, without violating its structure, constantly flow into another space-time crystal and after a while return back in a process known as the Josephson effect.

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Gas stove is more harmful than passive smoking 03.07.2023

Gas stoves in kitchens are fast and convenient, but not always safe, and not only because of possible household gas explosions. Using a gas stove leads to high concentrations of benzene in the air, an aromatic organic compound known to be a carcinogen, according to a new study published in Environmental Science & Technology.

The gas pipeline and gas cylinders used to supply gas contain simple hydrocarbons. Usually it is methane and propane, as well as some other additives. This gas burns with the release of heat, but when completely burned, not only harmless water and carbon dioxide are formed, but also dangerous substances.

The researchers in their work drew attention to benzene, one of the compounds formed during the combustion of gas. Benzene is the simplest aromatic compound, which in its pure form causes irritation of the skin and mucous membranes, can accumulate in the body and pollute the environment. Its carcinogenic properties are especially worrisome, as it can lead to various types of cancer, especially malignant diseases of the hematopoietic system and bone marrow.

The study was conducted in 87 households, and scientists found that a burning gas stove or an oven heated to approximately 180 degrees emits significant amounts of benzene into the air - more than when smoking a cigarette. Therefore, cooking on a gas stove can be more dangerous than passive smoking.

By itself, household gas contains a very small amount of benzene, about a hundred times less than the products of its combustion, the authors of the study note. Also, when experimenting with stove-top roasts (such as bacon and salmon), benzene was not detected.

Benzene cooked on the stove quickly spreads throughout the room where the gas stove or oven is located. It easily penetrates into neighboring rooms and lingers in the air for several hours. The concentration of benzene in bedrooms exceeds the allowable limits set in many countries.

Scientists note that good ventilation of the room helps to reduce the concentration of benzene. However, conventional hoods over the stove cope with this task inefficiently.

In this regard, electric and induction stoves, which are alternatives to gas stoves, seem to be much safer. They emit 10-50 times less benzene, and in the case of induction cookers, it was not detected.

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