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Pocket Particle Accelerator

16.08.2020

Researchers have developed a compact particle accelerator that uses a laser to accelerate electron beams up to 99,99% of the speed of light.

To achieve this result, scientists from the University of Manchester have developed a special metal structure coated with layers of quartz thinner than a human hair, as well as light pulses in the terahertz range. The generated radiation exists in an ideal millimeter-scale wavelength mode, which is well suited for accelerating highly charged particles.

The main problem was to match the speed of the accelerating THz field with the speed of the electron beam at almost the speed of light, and also to prevent the initially lower speed of the terahertz pulse propagating through the structure. Scientists have solved this problem by developing a unique radiation source that generates longer pulses containing only a narrow range of frequencies.

Experts are already working on increasing the energy of the radiation source while maintaining the quality of the beam. The new technology will replace billion-dollar kilometer-long accelerators with devices that are only a few meters long.

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More and more carbon dioxide 30.07.2012

The latest update of the Global Atmospheric Research Emissions Database (EDGAR) and statistics on energy use and impacts such as gas flaring and cement production show that global CO2 emissions continued to rise in 2011, despite reduction in OECD countries. The emission of carbon dioxide is considered the main cause of global warming. Last year, CO2 emissions increased by 3%, reaching a record 34 billion tons.

In China, the average level of CO2 emissions rose by 9% to 7,2 tons per capita. In the European Union, emissions decreased by 3% to 7,5 tons. The US remains one of the largest "suppliers" of greenhouse gas: 17,3 tons per capita. In the US, the largest decline in emissions was seen in 2008-2009, when oil prices rose and natural gas use increased. In 2011, the reduction in CO2 emissions in the US and Japan was 2%.

Unfortunately, emissions are declining only in developed OECD countries, which currently account for only one third of the world's CO2 emissions. The same amount is emitted into the atmosphere by China and India, which increased the "production" of carbon dioxide in 2011 by 9% and 6%, respectively. Economic growth in China has led to a significant increase in the consumption of fossil fuels. For example, the growth in the production of cement and steel caused an increase in domestic coal consumption by 9,7%.

In general, the distribution of CO2 emissions in 2011 is as follows. China emits the most carbon dioxide into the atmosphere - 29% of the world's total. It is followed by the USA and the European Union (16% and 11%). Russia with 5% is in fifth place. Between 2000 and 2011, human activity released 420 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the Earth's atmosphere.

If the current level of emissions does not decrease, then over the next two decades, the average global temperature of our planet, according to calculations, could increase by 2 degrees Celsius.

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