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The effect of mosquito bites on the body

30.05.2020

Mosquito bites cause a number of unusual immune responses in the body. Such conclusions were made by a group of researchers from the Baylor College of Medicine in the United States.

The researchers set up an experiment involving laboratory mice. Rodents were transplanted with human stem cells, from which individual components of the human immune system developed. Scientists have found that the body of mice reacts much more intensively to infection through a bite than through an injection from a syringe.

The scientific team decided to find out how the immune system reacts to the bites of uninfected mosquitoes. To do this, the scientists allowed four insects to freely bite laboratory mice. Then, blood and other tissue samples were taken from the rodents - six hours, a day and seven days after the experiment.

By comparing the samples with those of untouched mammals, the researchers found that the bitten mice activated the activity of molecules responsible for the body's immune response, called cytokines. T-helpers, which are involved in antiviral and allergic reactions, were also affected. At the same time, the "immune storm" of the effects of mosquito bites persisted for up to seven days.

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Brain of a criminal as evidence 16.03.2017

Sometimes people do illegal things simply because they didn’t think about the consequences, or because they obeyed some impulse, or just for fun. And it is quite difficult to distinguish someone who "just didn't think" from someone who really wanted to do exactly what he did, for the sake of some kind of benefit - you need to look for motives, delve into psychology, etc. But the task can be to simplify if you include neuroscience in the case.

Reed Montague (Read Montague) and his colleagues from the Virginia Polytechnic University and other US research centers compared the brain activity of people who were asked to do an illegal thing: according to the scenario, the participants in the experiment, several dozen men and women, had to carry some " contraband" in the suitcase. In some cases, it was known that the suitcase contained “contraband”, while in others it was required to choose from two or five suitcases, one of which contained something that was not allowed, and then you could only guess what you were carrying with you. The probability that you would be caught also depended on whether there was a guard at the checkpoint - there were ten such checkpoints, and at some there were no guards.

An article in PNAS says that the scans showed a clear difference in brain function between those who took the suitcase, being sure that it contained "contraband", and those who were not sure and took the suitcase "just like that." However, these differences were clearly manifested only when the participants in the experiment saw in advance which checkpoints had guards and which did not, and only then chose a suitcase for themselves.

In this case, we are not talking about behavior - everyone had to carry the suitcase one way or another - but about the state of the brain. For some reason, the difference between intentional misconduct and unintentional arose only when a person could assess the degree of risk, that is, the number of guards and the likelihood of choosing the "wrong" suitcase. By and large, we see here that at the level of the brain, confidence in the incompetence of one's actions is clearly different from the situation when a person simply does something for the sake of the process itself, hoping that everything will work out.

True, although we have said that something like this neurobiological test could help forensic scientists distinguish between reputable criminals and unintentional ones, it is not clear how exactly this should work in practice. It is necessary to clarify that in this case, it was not the background activity of the brain that was determined, which could be the “calling card” of the criminal (in general, the question is whether there is such a “background activity” in nature, unless in mentally ill people), but about situational changes in work of nerve centers. That is, if we have a criminal situation, the brain can work this way or that, and depending on the result, we can judge the intentions of a person.

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