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Molecules stopped at absolute zero temperature

09.04.2020

A group of US physicists have cooled sodium-lithium molecules to a temperature of 220 nanokelvins by colliding with ultracold sodium atoms.

Evaporative cooling is used both to lower our body temperature when we sweat, and to cool rooms and appliances. The nature of this phenomenon is that the hot particles of the cooled system collide with coolant particles, transferring their momentum to them, and the latter, in turn, leave the system.

In atomic physics, evaporative cooling is used to reduce the energy of vibrations of an ensemble of atoms. The technology uses an electromagnetic field to trap atoms in an optical trap. Over time, the atoms collide with each other and some of them become more mobile than others. Such high-energy atoms leave the trap, thereby lowering the energy of the entire system and lowering the temperature of the remaining atoms.

Cooled quantum systems can be used as a simulator of various systems of condensed matter physics or nuclear physics. However, individual atoms have too few degrees of freedom, which limits the capabilities of the simulator. Over the past 15 years, serious progress has been made in cooling more complex objects such as molecules, but, unfortunately, the temperatures achieved have so far been limited to tens of millikelvins.

Physicists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, led by Professor Alan Jamison, have for the first time managed to cool an ensemble of molecules by evaporative cooling to a temperature of 220 nanokelvins. To do this, the scientists placed 30 NaLi molecules and 100 sodium atoms in an optical trap in which the particles were held by an electromagnetic field.

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