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Human fear recognition service

14.08.2019

Amazon said its deep-learning service Rekognition has learned to detect expressions of fear on people's faces. It is the eighth type of emotion controlled by the system, along with happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, calmness, and confusion. In addition, Amazon says that it has improved the accuracy of age determination, so that narrower age ranges are now available to users for most age categories.

The news that Rekognition has learned to recognize fear caused a public outcry, especially as Amazon works with law enforcement and intelligence agencies. According to some reports, the company intends to compete for a contract with the US Border and Customs Service (one of the most controversial agencies today), which plans to create a new security system based on facial recognition technology.

Civil rights organizations and many tech giants have urged Amazon to stop selling facial recognition technology to law enforcement and Rekognition in particular, but the company's investors have not agreed to this proposal.

In the end, fears are also caused by the imperfection of facial recognition technology, which makes many mistakes, as a study by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) conducted last year confirms.

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Sugar changes brain chemistry 17.01.2020

Researchers at Aarhus University in Denmark have studied what happens in the brains of pigs when they drink sugar water. The experiment showed that sugar affects the reward system of the brain in the same way that drug use does.

Danish scientists conducted an experiment on pigs. Every day for 12 days they gave seven animals two liters of sugar water. To determine the effects of sugar consumption, the researchers took images of the pigs' brains at the beginning of the experiment, after the first day, and after the 12th day.

Within almost two weeks, the animals experienced major changes in the dopamine and opioid systems of the brain. The opioid system, which is associated with feelings of well-being and pleasure, was activated after the very first intake of sugar water.

When we experience something meaningful, the brain rewards us with feelings of pleasure, happiness, and well-being. This can happen as a result of natural stimuli - for example, socializing or learning something new. Scientists explain that both "natural" and "artificial" stimuli (including drugs) activate the brain's reward system, where neurotransmitters such as dopamine and opioids are released.

"If sugar can change the brain's reward system in just twelve days, as we've seen in pigs, you can imagine natural stimuli like learning or social interaction taking a back seat and being replaced by sugar and/or other artificial stimuli." - summed up Michael Winterdahl (Michael Winterdahl), one of the authors of the work.

Usually, when scientists want to find out whether a substance like sugar is addictive, they study its effect on the rodent brain. For their study, the Aarhus University team chose other animals and explained why pigs are a good alternative. Pig brains are more complex than rodent brains and larger, making it easier to image deep brain structures with this model. At the same time, such a study cannot be carried out on humans themselves. The level of dopamine and the reason why it changes in the human brain is difficult to trace, since the production of dopamine can be caused by too many factors: from talking to someone to playing on the phone.

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