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Proved the existence of immortal quantum particles

01.07.2019

There is nothing eternal in the world around us. People, planets, stars, galaxies and perhaps the entire universe have a certain "lifespan". But what happens in the strange quantum world often doesn't follow the usual rules. And recently, scientists have discovered that certain types of quasiparticles that exist in quantum systems under certain conditions can exist almost indefinitely. This does not mean that these quasi-particles never decay, but they are immediately restored, like a "Phoenix bird from the ashes", which makes them completely "immortal".

At first glance, what was described above directly contradicts the second law of thermodynamics, according to which the level of entropy in an isolated system can only increase. In other words, the objects included in this system can only be destroyed, but not form, by combining with others, larger and more complex objects. However, the behavior of objects in quantum systems almost never obeys the usual law, and the detected quasiparticles are a direct confirmation of this.

Quasiparticles are not particles like electrons or quarks in the traditional sense. Quasiparticles are a consequence of the occurrence of energy excitations in the environment of their existence, caused by electrical or magnetic influences. In most cases, quasiparticles are two or more particles connected to each other, which behave as one large particle.

Quasi-particles include phonons - discrete formations from the vibration energy of atoms in the crystal lattice, polarons, which are electrons trapped in the polarization cloud of the crystal lattice.

In their research, scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Complex Physics and the Technical University of Munich focused exclusively on quasi-particles of a wave nature, like phonons, for which a number of numerical methods were developed, which became the basis of supercomputer simulation software. Calculations of mathematical models have shown that all particles really decay, but some of them immediately reappear. The decay and emergence of a particle occur very quickly and are stages of another oscillatory process that can last indefinitely.

And, as physicists have pointed out, what happens to quasiparticles does not violate the second law of thermodynamics. Since oscillations are wave functions, during this process there is a constant transformation of energy into matter and vice versa, which is "protected" by the principle of quantum particle dualism. And the entropy of a quantum system in this case does not increase or decrease, but remains at a constant level.

This discovery has already made it possible to find explanations for some strange things. For example, in the world there is a magnetic material Ba3CoSb2O9, which is highly stable. And it seems that the key point of this stability is the magnetic quasi-particles, magnons, which reappear after their decay. The second example is helium, which turns into a superfluid liquid at a temperature close to absolute zero. This feature of helium can be explained by the fact that it contains potentially "immortal" quasiparticles called rotons.

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