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Quantum tunneling time measured

05.04.2019

If you hit a ball against a wall, it will bounce in the opposite direction in accordance with all the canons of classical physics. But the world of quantum physics is much more mysterious and unpredictable, if instead of a ball a quantum particle can suddenly appear on the other side of the wall thanks to a phenomenon called quantum tunneling. Despite the fact that this phenomenon has been studied quite well and is widely used for practical purposes, only recently a group of physicists managed to measure the time required for the "teleportation" of a particle from one place to another.

The phenomenon of quantum tunneling is used in electron microscopes, diodes, transistors and some other electronic components. It is this phenomenon that is responsible for the spontaneous decay of radioactive elements, it is with the help of quantum tunneling that the particles that make up the nuclei of atoms of radioactive elements leave the limits of these nuclei.

Despite the rather high degree of knowledge of the phenomenon of quantum tunneling, scientists until recently did not know for certain how long the process of particle transition through the barrier takes. Some of the scientists assumed that the tunneling was instantaneous, but this, in turn, means that the particle is moving faster than the speed of light and it can become a cause-and-effect violator.

To measure the time of quantum tunneling, researchers from Griffith University and the Australian National University "broke down" on hydrogen atoms the light of a powerful laser that emits 1000 pulses per second. This, according to scientists, should have created the right conditions under which the electron can "escape" from the atom and make it possible to measure the tunneling time.

As a result of the experiments, scientists received discouraging results. Quite likely, quantum tunneling occurs almost instantaneously, taking less than 1.8 attoseconds (one billionth of one billionth of a second) to complete.

An interesting fact is that this is not the first attempt to measure the quantum tunneling time. In 2017, researchers from the Max Planck Institute, Germany, using krypton and argon atoms, found that it takes about 180 attoseconds of time for particles to tunnel. However, scientists believe that the results of earlier experiments could have errors due to their complexity associated with the use of more complex atoms than hydrogen atoms, which have only one electron.

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