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Antiquarks and proton rotation

03.04.2019

Protons have their own angular momentum, known as spin. Some of that spin comes from a churning sea of particles: quarks and antiquarks found inside the proton, according to new results from physicists.

Surprisingly, the less common type of antiquark, the upper one, contributes more to the rotation of the proton than the more numerous type, the lower one.

Quarks come in many types: the most common ones are called up and down quarks. Protons are made up of three main quarks: two up and one down. But protons also have a "sea" or environment of transition quarks and antiquarks of various types, including up, down, and other varieties.

Previous measurements have shown that the rotations of the quarks in this sea contribute to the overall rotation of the proton. A new result from colliding protons at a particle accelerator called the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, or RHIC, confirms this idea, says physicist Elke-Caroline Aschenauer of Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York.

The proton sea contains more down antiquarks than up antiquarks. But, contrary to common sense, it turned out that most of the rotation of the proton occurs due to up, not down, antiquarks. In fact, down antiquarks spin in the opposite direction, slightly reducing the overall rotation of the proton.

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The LMX2434 chip has an operating frequency of 5,0 GHz and an intermediate 2,5 GHz and consumes only 7 mA. The LMX2433 has an operating frequency of 3,6 GHz, an intermediate frequency of 1,7 GHz, and consumes 5,2 mA. The LMX2430 has an operating frequency of 3,0 GHz, an intermediate frequency of 800 MHz, and consumes 4,2 mA. The supply voltage for the entire family is from 2,25 to 2,75 V.

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