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Protons are heavier than a neutron star

28.02.2019

Neutron stars are among the densest objects in the universe. They withstand such intense pressure that one teaspoon of star material would weigh about 15 times more than the moon. But it turned out that there are things in which the pressure is even greater. And these are protons.

Physicists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for the first time were able to calculate the pressure distribution in a proton and found that the core of the particle is under pressure that exceeds the pressure in neutron stars.

To measure the pressure in protons, scientists bombarded hydrogen targets with electron beams. There, electrons interacted with quarks inside protons from the target. The physicists then determined the pressure distribution across the proton based on how the electrons scatter in the target. Their results showed that the highest pressure in a proton is about 10^35 pascals, which is 10 times the pressure inside a neutron star.

It turns out that quarks and gluons in the center of the proton create a significant outward pressure, and closer to the edges there is a confining counter pressure. That is, the nucleus pushes from the center of the proton, while the outer regions push inward. It is this counter pressure that stabilizes the overall structure of the proton.

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Self-hypnosis or allergies 06.07.2008

There are people who claim that they are able to feel radiation from electromagnetic waves, for example, from cell phone base stations, and that this radiation is harmful to their health. There was even a term "electromagnetic allergy".

English doctors from the University of Essex decided to test this statement. They put such sensitive people in a booth next to the cell-site antenna. The antenna was randomly turned on, and it emitted waves characteristic of mobile phones, then turned off. And the subject had to guess when dangerous radiations penetrate his body, and when they are not.

It turned out that the correct answers were given in about half of the cases, that is, at random. The test subjects said that in the cabin they were sometimes overcome with fear, excitement, they felt stress, and they believe that it was at such moments that they were irradiated. The control group consisted of people who did not claim to be able to feel radio waves. They, too, guessed the periods when the antenna was turned on about half the time, but they did not feel either fear or nervous tension.

The conclusion of scientists: if someone assures that a cellular telephony station located near the house affects well-being, most likely this is self-hypnosis. However, the authors of the study emphasize that they cannot say anything about the possible long-term consequences of such a neighborhood.

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