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Graphene will make electronics superfast

18.09.2018

Electromagnetic waves in the terahertz range are generally difficult to create, and conventional silicon electronics cannot handle such high frequency signals. But graphene-based devices could operate at such frequencies. Scientists are confident that future electronics will be much faster than today's devices.

Physicists at the University of Duisburg-Essen and colleagues exposed a graphene sheet an atom thick to 300 GHz radiation. When electromagnetic waves hit the graphene, the electrons in the material rapidly heated up and cooled down, releasing electromagnetic waves with a frequency up to seven times higher than the incoming radiation. The conversion rate may seem small, but it is extremely high for a single layer of graphene atoms.

Graphene-based components capable of operating in the terahertz range "could be used not on a conventional Macintosh or PC, but perhaps on very advanced computers with high processing speed," says Ozaki. He adds that this two-dimensional material can be used to create high-speed nanodevices.

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New state of the world 29.05.2016

Light, in addition to propagating in a certain direction, is also able to rotate around it, which is characterized by a parameter called the total angular momentum. Like other quantum characteristics, angular momentum is discrete and takes only certain admissible values. Until now, it was believed that its value, in accordance with quantum theory, should be a multiple of Planck's constant h - a fundamental physical constant that determines the scale of quantum effects. Recall that, for example, the energy of a photon is equal to the product of this constant and the frequency. Accordingly, the minimum possible change in the angular momentum is proportional to h.

Physicists from Trinity College (Dublin, Ireland) experimentally found that with two-dimensional propagation of light in a specially designed installation, its total angular momentum can be a multiple of h / 2, that is, half the value. This discovery is important both for understanding the nature and behavior of light, and for its practical use. After all, the multiplicity of the angular momentum to the value h makes the behavior of photons similar to the behavior of particles with integer spin (bosons), and the proportionality h/2 imparts "fermion" properties to photons (recall that fermions have half-integer spin). The results of the study were published in the online journal Science Advances.

To understand the essence of the phenomenon, we can draw an analogy with a body rotating around its axis. Previous views were consistent with the fact that the speed of rotation of the body could change in portions with a value proportional to h, and Irish physicists found that the change step could be half as much.

What is called the "rotation of light" around the direction of propagation is a more complex process than the rotation of a body around an axis. There are two components here. The first is the rotation of the electric field vector of a light wave as it propagates in space, called the circular polarization of light and determining the spin of a photon. The second is the twisting of the light wave front, characterized by the orbital angular momentum. The total angular momentum of a photon is the sum of the spin and orbital contributions.

In the usual three-dimensional case, all these quantities will be proportional to h, or, in other words, the corresponding quantum numbers will be integers. If we create a two-dimensional system for the propagation of light, then the quantum number for the angular momentum can become a half-integer, which the researchers observed in this experiment.

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