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Genetic engineering for biofuels

19.06.2018

American scientists have found an enzyme that was previously considered a legend. With it, you can make a practically unlimited resource of biofuels.

As you know, the plant releases fuel by its own destruction, which occurs if there is enough lignin in the cells. An enzyme has been found at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the United States that is involved in its accelerated production. It produces amino acids in poplar, but it can also start these processes in other plants. Experts say that finding this enzyme was a stroke of luck, because it was considered a mistake caused by mutations.

The course of several experiments showed that the element does not have to be associated with DNA at all, which means that it can change the functional study of genes. Genetic engineering will be used to carry out these processes in an artificial environment. This will lead to the fact that with the proper approach it will be possible to obtain an increased amount of biofuels. In addition, this resource can be restored, which means big gains in commercial terms.

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Whole body positron tomography 28.03.2017

Scientists and engineers from the University of California at Davis have developed a project for a positron emission tomograph - a medical device that scans the entire body. According to the developers, this device will revolutionize radiology.

The method of positron emission tomography is based on the phenomenon of positron and electron annihilation. Before the study, a person takes a radiopharmaceutical: an organic substance, depending on the type of study, in the molecule of the active substance of which one of the atoms is replaced by a short-lived radioactive isotope, which decays, emitting a positron. The positron collides with the nearest electron, its own antiparticle - and they annihilate, turning into two photons with very high energy (gamma quanta). They are registered by sensors in the "pipe" of the tomograph, after which the software restores the trajectory of gamma rays to the point of annihilation. And since the drug is delivered to certain organs, using PET, you can get a huge amount of information - for example, to see areas of brain activity, metastases, or foci of inflammation.

PET research in many areas remains very informative, but also very expensive: radiopharmaceuticals are prepared on cyclotrons specifically for a particular study, and the scanner itself is not cheap. However, existing scanners read the signal only from small areas of the body, in lengths, as a rule, not exceeding 25 centimeters. To scan the whole body, you need to do all the manipulations several times, which is associated with a significant radiation load on the body. In addition, the small size of modern scanners and the high cost of the entire procedure limits the possibilities of dynamic diagnostics.

The authors of the whole body PET scanner project expect to increase diagnostic accuracy by 40 times, and increase the signal-to-noise ratio by six times.

In turn, the high sensitivity of the device allows the use of smaller and safer doses of radiopharmaceuticals; the authors of the project even suggest that PET studies will find application in prenatal medicine.

But first of all, the new scanner will go to oncology departments: increased sensitivity and scanning of the whole body will make it possible to detect small tumors and metastases. Another promising direction is testing new drugs and observing their work directly in the body during clinical trials.

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