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Naked diggers don't age

03.02.2018

American scientists have found that naked mole rats do not age and do not begin to die more often with age. This discovery is important for understanding the mechanism of aging.

Naked mole rats are one of the most mysterious creatures on Earth. They never actually develop cancer, are pain tolerant, and can survive without oxygen for up to 18 minutes. Now, researchers have discovered a new "superpower" of these animals.

Humans and the vast majority of mammals die according to a statistical relationship that Benjamin Gompertz discovered in 1825. According to the Gompertz distribution, the probability of death increases with age. In humans, it increases almost logarithmically: the probability of dying at 20 is ten times lower than at 60.

Scientists have been studying naked mole rats for 30 years. For each animal, they recorded the date of birth and date of death, as well as whether they died due to experiments or for some other reason. It turned out that the probability of death in naked mole rats is 0,0001 - regardless of the years lived, and even slightly decreases with age. They mature at about six months of age and have an average laboratory life of approximately six years. Some individuals can live up to 30 years of age.

Scientists believe that the cells of naked mole rats have a high activity of DNA repair systems, as well as chaperones - proteins that maintain the correct structure of other proteins. This allows animals not to accumulate genetic defects.

As the researchers emphasize, it is possible that naked mole rats do age, but much later than other mammals, and this process proceeds in an atypical way. Perhaps, after 20-30 years of age, diggers can no longer maintain the repair functions of the body, which wears out quickly as a result.

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Mars changes the structure of near-Earth asteroids 27.11.2013

For a long time, astronomers could not answer the question: why is the color of the surface of most asteroids shifted to the red region of the spectrum and different from the remnants of asteroids that crashed to Earth?

In 2010, Richard Binzel, professor of planetary science at MIT, put forward a hypothesis to explain this phenomenon. Binzen believes that asteroids that orbit in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter are exposed to cosmic radiation, which changes the chemical composition of the surface and causes it to turn red. In turn, asteroids that are approaching the Earth fall under the influence of the Earth's gravity and are shaken, as a result of which the soil grains on the surface of the asteroid shift and expose more "fresh" rocks. When these asteroids get too close to our planet, they break up and fall to the Earth's surface. Thus, two types of asteroids appear before scientists: irradiated "red" old-timers of space, and meteorites that came to us from asteroids that survived the "rejuvenating" shaking.

Since 2010, scientists have believed that close encounters with Earth play a key role in the "rejuvenation" of asteroids. But now Binzel and his colleague Francesca De Meo have discovered that the surface of asteroids can also change under the influence of Mars. A team of scientists calculated the orbits of 60 "updated" asteroids and found that 10% of them never cross the Earth's orbit. Instead, they approach Mars, which, apparently, "refreshes" the surface of asteroids.

At first glance, Mars is not able to have such a strong impact on asteroids, because the diameter of Mars is 0,53 of the diameter of the Earth, and the mass is 10,7% of the mass of the Earth. Consequently, Mars has a much weaker gravitational effect on the surrounding celestial bodies. However, Mars occupies a unique position in the solar system. It is in close proximity to the Asteroid Belt, which increases the chances of "intercepting" asteroids.

Scientists suspected that Mars could be involved in changing the surface of asteroids, and therefore decided to turn to the Minor Planet Center database of the International Astronomical Union. The database currently contains observational data for 300 asteroids and their orbits, of which 000 are considered near-Earth asteroids.

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