The oldest Black Hole in the Universe has been discovered. Free Technical Library News

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The oldest black hole in the universe has been found

10.12.2017

American astronomers from the Carnegie Institution announced the discovery of a new galaxy, in the center of which is a supermassive black hole. Scientists suggest that the galaxy formed 690 million years after the Big Bang.

The galaxy and black hole formed during the era of reionization - it is believed that at this time the universe was covered with clouds of neutral hydrogen, which blocked most of the starlight. Over time, quasars, considered one of the strongest sources of energy in space, ionized the hydrogen, causing the universe to become "brighter".

The new galaxy was named J1342 + 0928. During its study, it turned out that the galaxy is especially rich in metals. Astronomers have noted that this is typical of the very first stars, which consisted almost entirely of hydrogen and helium.

Also, in the accumulation of interstellar dust, astronomers found a large amount of carbon, and in the very center of the galaxy, where the black hole is located, nitrogen, magnesium and even silicon.

Such observations can say one thing: this is a new, previously unknown type of star formation, shared Eduarda Bansados, lead author of the study.

Scientists speculate that the early universe contributed to the formation of massive, unstable stars that exploded after a few million years, producing metals faster than the universe in its current state. New stars were already formed from the "remains" of the former ones, thereby accumulating heavy elements in themselves, the authors of the study concluded.

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Bees hold onto pollen 08.12.2017

Scientists at the Georgia Institute of Technology investigated how bees carry pollen into their hives. It turned out that the long hair on the legs of the bees helped to securely hold the prey.

Bees are known to not only carry pollen between plants, they also bring it back to the hive for food. These "pollen granules", which also include nectar and can make up to 30% of a bee's weight, hang from their hind legs like overstuffed saddlebags. Now scientists have studied how reliably the bees carry their precious cargo.

To do this, the team captured about two dozen insects returning to their hives and examined their legs and pollen using high-resolution imaging and an x-ray-like technique. It turned out that the long hairs on the insects' legs helped hold the pollen granules in place.

The researchers then tried to tear off some of the pollen granules with an elastic string. They found that the pellets, although they seemed loose, were in fact firmly attached: the force required to tear off the pellets was about 20 times greater than the force that a bee normally experiences during flight.

The team believes these results could help scientists develop artificial pollinators in the future.

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