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Found the most powerful source of energy

13.11.2017

Israeli and American physicists have shown that as a result of the fusion of quarks, up to 10 times more energy is released than in the process of thermonuclear fusion.

The authors came to similar conclusions by analyzing the merger of two short-lived heavy baryons. It turned out that the birth of such particles, which occurs as a result of the fusion of lighter ones, is accompanied, like a thermonuclear reaction, by the release of a large amount of energy.

Since quarks are not observed in the free state, there are no practical applications for this yet. Meanwhile, scientists note that their work confirms that stable forms of exotic matter exist in the Universe.

Quarks form hadronic matter, in particular, the nucleons (protons and neutrons) that make up atomic nuclei. Quarks are observed in a free state, this property, called asymptotic freedom, manifests itself in an increase in the interaction force as particles move away from each other.

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The ozone hole must disappear 16.07.2019

The ozone hole prevents climate warming in the central and eastern parts of Antarctica.

Under the Montreal Protocol, a ban was established on the emission of freons and the transition to other gases. As a result, chlorine emissions are reduced. Ejected chlorine lives in the atmosphere for 50-70 years. Now we are seeing that it has become smaller. This led to the fact that if earlier the ozone hole expanded and "deepened" (became less ozone), now this process has slowed down: the size and "depth" are becoming smaller. According to the results of joint research by Ukrainian and Australian scientists, the ozone hole as a phenomenon should disappear by 2050-2070.

This was stated by Gennady Milinevskiy, Head of the Space Physics Laboratory of the Faculty of Physics of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Senior Researcher at the National Antarctic Research Center. According to him, this is a seasonal effect, which leads to a decrease in the ozone layer from mid-August to the end of October. In November, the ozone layer is already recovering. In Antarctica, ozone has a maximum at an altitude of about 20 kilometers.

How is the ozone layer formed? The ultraviolet rays of the sun produce the dissociation of oxygen molecules, individual oxygen atoms combine with oxygen molecules and ozone molecules are obtained, consisting of three oxygen atoms. In the Antarctic in winter, the temperature in the stratosphere drops sharply - to -70 ... -80 degrees Celsius. At this time, the so-called polar stratospheric clouds with frozen nitrogen oxides and water are formed, and chlorine accumulates on the particles of these clouds. And he appeared in large quantities due to the production of freon, which was widely used in refrigerators.

Freon at the surface of the Earth is an absolutely stable neutral gas, but nevertheless it diffuses into the atmosphere, enters the stratosphere, where there is already more ultraviolet radiation, which breaks it up and releases a free chlorine atom. And one such atom kills a thousand ozone molecules. It turns out the reaction - O3 + Cl> ClO + O2. And ClO is freely destroyed, again a free chlorine atom appears, which again interacts with ozone and leads to its destruction. Thus, chlorine, one might say, "eats" ozone until it disappears from the stratosphere. And in winter, chlorine molecules get on the frozen particles of polar clouds, and their reservoirs are actually created, where they accumulate. The sun rises in late spring, and these clouds quickly melt in a day or two. It turns out a powerful release of chlorine, which "eats away" the ozone layer at the height of its maximum.

The most interesting thing, according to Milinevskiy, is that the ozone hole, which was actually created by man, throwing out freon, led to the creation of a stable fence of inner Antarctica from warm air masses, which prevents climate warming in the central and eastern parts of the ice continent. And in fact, the temperature there has not changed lately, but rather, it even drops a little.

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