European chess has become older. Free Technical Library News

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European chess got older

11.11.2002

While excavating a Byzantine-era palace at Butrint, in southern Albania, English archaeologists found a four-centimeter-tall chess piece. It's not a king, it's not a queen.

According to archaeologists, the figurine carved on the machine dates back to about 465 AD. Until now, the oldest chess pieces in Europe were pieces found in Scotland and dating back to the beginning of the XNUMXth century.

Since it is believed that chess was invented in India around the XNUMXth century AD, it appears that it reached Europe almost immediately after its invention.

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Solved the problem of quantum computers 14.03.2015

Researchers from Google Corporation, along with colleagues from the University of California at Santa Barbara, have found a solution to one of the problems preventing the emergence of quantum computers, reports Wired.

In modern computing systems, all simple data operations are checked for errors. This procedure allows you to avoid the consequences of external influences on the system and make sure that the final result is correct.

But if it is easy to perform such a check in a modern PC or on a server, in a quantum system it is impossible by standard methods, since the procedure for measuring a qubit (the smallest element for storing information) will change its state and itself will cause an error.

To avoid changing the state of the qubit during the measurement of its state, the researchers added additional qubits to the quantum system - four for the five existing ones. These four qubits perform only one function - they check the status of other units of information storage. They do it in such a way that the state of the main five qubits does not change.

However, such a solution leads to another complexity, said Daniel Gottesman, a quantum mechanics expert at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Canada. He draws attention, in particular, to the fact that checking for errors in a quantum system will require a significant amount of electrical energy - in addition to the already considerable amounts that the quantum computer itself will consume.

Quantum processor with five qubits and four qubits for error checking
However, without verification, a quantum system would be meaningless, the researchers say. "To create a practical quantum computer, you have to solve the problem of random change in the state of qubits, there is no getting around it," said Austin Fowler, one of the project participants, a quantum electronics engineer from Google.

A quantum computer is based on such a concept in quantum mechanics as superposition, the scientists explain. Superposition is a phenomenon in which a physical object, such as an atom or an electron (which a quantum computer uses to store information), is simultaneously in several alternative states from the point of view of classical mechanics. "Scientists believe that computers based on this aspect of quantum mechanics , in the future will work millions of times faster than today's computers.

In September 2014, Google announced its intention to independently develop, manufacture and test processors for quantum systems. To do this, the corporation invited a team of scientists led by John Martinez (John Martinis) from the University of California at Santa Barbara. This group in April 2014 developed the simplest prototype of a quantum processor capable of operating five qubits with a high degree of reliability. The scientists' achievement was widely publicized in the scientific press, including the popular journal Nature, and the team leader received the Fritz London Prize, which is awarded for outstanding contributions to the field of low temperature physics.

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