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Viagra against malaria

01.06.2015

A team of scientists from the University of Paris (France) found that sildenafil, known worldwide under the brand name "Viagra", has the ability to prevent the transmission of malaria.

Today, malaria infects at least 200 million people a year worldwide, and the parasites that cause the disease enter the human bloodstream when bitten by a female malaria mosquito. Now researchers have found that the drug, which has a pronounced effect on blood flow in the pelvic organs, can interfere with the activity of parasites.

Infected red blood cells bypass the body's immune system, specifically the spleen, which allows these cells through due to their plasticity. Viagra also inhibits an enzyme, due to which the infected cells lose their flexibility, after which the spleen filters them out of the blood. This blocks the further spread of the parasite.

Such an unusual use of Viagra could lead to the creation of a new generation of drugs to fight malaria.

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Sun dimming to combat warming 01.12.2018

Cooling the Earth by injecting solar-blocking particles into the stratosphere can be very cheap. So, at least, says the most detailed engineering analysis of this project.

There is a project that can cool the Earth by launching millions of tons of sulfate particles into the atmosphere. This form of geoengineering is reminiscent of the effect of volcanic eruptions, which have significantly lowered global temperatures in the past.

Perhaps the most efficient and cheapest way to deliver particles would be to develop a new type of aircraft. If sulfates are released from ordinary jet aircraft, all particles will fall to the ground in a few days.

Currently, no aircraft can deliver many tons of particles to a height of 20 km. That is where they have to be in order to stay in the atmosphere for at least a year. And the use of rockets turns out to be too expensive. The new aircraft should have larger wings and four engines instead of two, as the air at that altitude is much less dense. The design of such a vessel will be unusual, but in general, no technological breakthroughs are needed to create it.

For a 15-year program, eight of these aircraft would need to be added each year, plus costs for crew, maintenance, fuel, insurance and training. The program is estimated to start with 4000 flights a year and end with 60 flights a year with nearly 000 aircraft. As the scientists comment, only the number of planes and flights will guarantee that such a plan cannot be carried out in secret.

What can be achieved with such a daring plan? Reducing warming by 0,1 degrees Celsius per year, which in general will give a decrease in temperature by 1,5 degrees, which in theory should be enough to prevent catastrophic climate warming.

How much does such a project cost? "We have shown that such a hypothetical program would be technically possible," says Harvard University's Gernot Wagner. By comparison, about $2 billion a year is now invested in green technologies every year.

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