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New low-cost processor delivers 1000x faster video

17.08.2013

A group of researchers from the University of Michigan, USA, led by Professor Wei Lu, has begun developing a chip designed to process video data. The scientists' goal is to make the processor process video a thousand times faster than current solutions while consuming 10 times less electrical energy, according to Phys.org.

According to Lou, there are so many video surveillance systems in the world today that there will soon be a point where existing computing systems will no longer be able to keep up with the amount of video data generated. "We plan to create a system that will be able to do this," the scientist said.

The chip, which American scientists have begun to develop, is characterized as a "processor with a self-organizing adaptive neural network." This network will be made of standard transistors, as well as new elements called memristors. A memristor is a memory resistor whose resistance value depends on how much current was previously passed through the element. The new chip will be able to self-learn and process a large number of signals in parallel, scientists say.

Instead of processing the image pixel by pixel, as is done today, the neural network will "look" at the entire image and identify non-systematic structures in it through logical inference.

“The idea is based on the premise that most of the video information is noise,” Lu explains. “Instead of processing and transmitting all this noise, an adaptive neural network will be able to isolate key information and reconstruct the image based on a small portion of data.”

The work will take place in two stages. At the first stage, scientists plan to use memristors as memory in addition to conventional connections to equip the chip with a self-learning mechanism. At the second stage, it is planned to replace the junctions of traditional electrical circuits with memristors, that is, to make synapses out of them, creating an analogue of the brain of a living being.

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rejuvenate the heart 13.07.2015

Our life would be much easier if our heart could regenerate. In many fish, amphibians, and reptiles, the remaining heart cells can heal any damage. However, in mammals, alas, new cardiomyocytes can appear only during embryonic development - immediately after birth, the stem cells that gave rise to the heart fall asleep. Therefore, after a heart attack, it does not recover, but scars: instead of muscle cells that could contract, the damaged area is closed by connective tissue. It is believed that this was the evolutionary price for a more perfect heart: in amphibians and others, heart cells can reverse their development, to the stem stage, and thereby heal damage, but it is the ability to become stem that has a bad effect on cardiac functions proper. In animals, cardiomyocytes work better, but then they cannot "fall into childhood" either.

However, in 2011, cardiologist Hesham Sadek and colleagues at the University of Texas suddenly discovered that in young mice, the heart can regenerate quickly. After surgical removal of 15% of the ventricular muscle in one-day-old mice, the lost tissue volume was completely restored within three weeks, and after two months the ventricle returned to "regular" functioning. The ability to restore the heart lasted seven days; in seven-day-old animals, the ventricle no longer regenerated. The most curious thing was that regeneration did not occur due to stem cells, but due to ordinary mature cells of the heart muscles, which, apparently, suddenly remembered how to divide.

But when researchers at the University of Southern Denmark tried to replicate the experiment, they saw only normal scarring and no recovery - a paper with these disappointing results appeared in Stem Cell Reports last spring. Some experts have tried to explain the divergence of experimental data by the fact that two competing processes, regeneration itself and scarring, can take place during regeneration, and even the slightest differences in experimental conditions can give an advantage to one or the other. In addition, the cells themselves, which restored the heart of mice, no one saw; the conclusion that not stem, but mature heart muscle cells work here was made on indirect grounds.

And yet, apparently, the restoration of the heart with "non-stem" cells is not at all a myth and not an artifact. In a new paper published in Nature, the same Heshem Sadek and the staff of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center claim that they were able to find exactly those repair cells. They really turned out to be ordinary cardiomyocytes, however, with the preserved ability to divide. Preliminary experiments suggested that such cells would have to proliferate under hypoxia, that is, with an insufficient supply of oxygen. As a result, it was possible to find a small number of cardiomyocytes that resembled newborn cells. To detect them, it was necessary to create a genetically modified mouse, in which the Hif-1alpha protein, necessary for cells during hypoxia, was combined with a tag protein, which made it possible to see a cell with an activated hypoxic Hif-1alpha gene.

The average annual growth of new cells in the heart was 0,62%, which is consistent with earlier estimates. This, of course, is not enough, but now, having the regenerative cells themselves in their hands, doctors can try to purposefully shake them up, force them to divide more actively. Recently, several works have appeared in which the division genes in cardiac cells could be “blindly” awakened using microregulatory RNAs and other epigenetic mechanisms; I would like to hope that now the search and optimization of such methods will go faster - of course, after the same cells can be found in the human heart.

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