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Men's stress harms future children

16.06.2013

The stress that a man experiences throughout his life - whether in adolescence or in adulthood - leaves a "imprint" on the sperm. She, as scientists from the University of Pennsylvania (USA) say, does not forget anything. If a father experiences stress for a long time before conception, then his children - with a high probability - will have a blunted reaction to stress.

Scientists have repeatedly proven the influence of environmental factors, such as the health of the mother during pregnancy or the medications taken, on the health of the fetus. But the influence of the father's lifestyle on future offspring has been little studied.

A team of scientists from the University of Pennsylvania studied male mice. It turned out that the stress experienced by male mice in adolescence and adulthood initiated epigenetic changes in sperm, and they, in turn, reprogrammed the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system in future offspring - the part of the brain that is responsible for the stress response. . At the same time, future children of both sexes were reprogrammed.

Such a violation of the reaction to stress is a sign that the offspring will not be able to respond normally to environmental changes, stress in this case becomes uncontrollable, and this is the path to the emergence of neuropsychiatric disorders. Scientists emphasize that it does not matter at what age the father experienced stress - the effect of stress on sperm is long-term. During the experiment, both young male mice during puberty and adults were subjected to stress. In the offspring of mice from both groups, the researchers found a significant decrease in the level of the stress hormone corticosterone, in humans it is the hormone cortisol.

To study in more detail the functioning of the nervous system of the descendants of mice, the scientists examined changes in gene expression in a certain region of the brain that is responsible for regulating stress - the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). They found increased expression of genes sensitive to glucocorticoids (adrenal hormones) in the PVN. This may explain the mechanism for increasing the sensitivity of negative feedback in the body. Negative feedback in the body is expressed in a reaction in which the system changes the direction of change to the opposite. For example, as carbon dioxide levels rise, the lungs are signaled to exhale more CO2.

The researchers also looked at a number of microRNAs in semen that are involved in the transfer of genetic information during fertilization. It turned out that in both groups of mice, an increase in gene expression in 9 microRNAs was observed. These miRNAs in sperm are designed to store maternal RNAs during fertilization, so it can be said that fathers regulate some aspects of early development and pass information about the environment to their offspring. It is possible that such a mechanism, including a reduced response to stress, is useful from an evolutionary point of view: the information received and the reduced response to external environmental changes ensure survival in adverse conditions. However, according to the researchers, whether a reduced response to stress is beneficial or harmful will depend on the environment in which the organism was born.

Be that as it may, the discovery that the stress experienced by a man during his life necessarily affects the state of his germ cells, an important discovery that will help identify the risk of neuropsychiatric diseases. Next, the scientists plan to study the mechanism of the effect of paternal microRNA on fertilization, and plan to use this knowledge to identify biomarkers of neuropsychiatric diseases. Thus, by predicting in advance who has been harmed, mental disorders can be prevented or treated more effectively.

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