The memory effect of lithium-ion batteries. Free Technical Library News

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The memory effect of lithium-ion batteries

26.04.2013

Scientists at the Paul Scherer Institute, together with colleagues at Toyota Research Laboratories in Japan, have found that a widely used type of lithium-ion battery has a memory effect. This allows you to understand the mechanisms of the batteries and solve some problems with their capacity and durability.

The memory effect is usually associated with a violation of the battery discharge / charge mode: the battery is started to be charged before it is completely discharged, which leads to the unavailability of part of the battery capacity. It was believed that only NiCd and NiMH batteries are affected by this "disease", which in severe cases lose up to 50% of their capacity. It turns out that lithium-ion batteries can also have a memory effect, and it is associated with the same incomplete charging or discharging. In the case of lithium-ion batteries, this leads to the inability to accurately determine the level of charge and the inaccessibility of part of its capacity.

The memory effect and the associated variations in battery operating voltage have already been confirmed with lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. Typically, these batteries remain almost constant in voltage over a wide charge range. It seems to be good, but on the other hand, even a small anomaly in the operating voltage is interpreted incorrectly by the automation, for example, it starts to "think" that the battery is 90% full, although in fact it is only 50% charged.

This memory effect is especially noticeable in electric vehicles and hybrids. During braking of such machines, the battery is charged, and during sharp accelerations, it is quickly discharged. As a result of numerous successive cycles of partial charge and discharge, electronics "goes crazy" and gradually accumulates a memory effect. As a result, the battery charge level is incorrectly estimated, which makes it difficult to operate the machine and shortens the battery life.

This phenomenon is based on a chemical process that leads to the enlargement of charge particles on the electrodes and to voltage fluctuations. It is these fluctuations that create errors in the control of the charge level. It turns out that modern charge level sensors that measure voltage are often wrong and need to be replaced with more "smart" technology.

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