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Laser ignition

15.01.2012

Engineers from the Romanian Institute of Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics and two Japanese companies have created an automotive spark plug using a three-beam ceramic laser. It gives flashes with a duration of 0,8 nanoseconds at a frequency of up to a hundred per second. Three beams cause flashes of a combustible mixture at three points of the cylinder at once.

Laser ignition provides a more complete combustion of the mixture with less harmful emissions. In addition, the electrodes of the candle do not burn - they simply do not exist. While the laser candle is somewhat longer than usual, the developers intend to reduce it.

Toyota has already become interested in the new ignition system.

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Final specifications of 5G standard announced 12.01.2018

The 3GPP (The 3rd Generation Partnership Project) Consortium of Mobile Telephony Specification Developers has unveiled the new NSA 5G NR standard, Release 15, at its quarterly plenary meeting in Lisbon, Portugal.

The 5G NR standard (5th generation, new radio - New Radio) is approved by all members of the global community of telecommunications companies 3GPP.

Earlier this year, the telecommunications industry gave its approval for the accelerated standardization of 5G, for which it was decided to split the process into two phases. The announcement of a non-standalone version of Release 15 NSA (Non-standalone) became a priority.

The release, in fact, was the announcement of the completion of the first phase of 5G standardization, which is considered the most important for developers and equipment manufacturers.

Acceptance of the full specifications of Release 15 Full (with autonomous characteristics) has been postponed to 2018, tentatively to June. As part of this version of the standard, the use of user and control autonomous 5G NR equipment with base stations of the 5G generation (5G next-generation core network, NGC) will be ensured.

Since the standalone and non-standalone (SA and NSA) releases are based on the same physical layer characteristics, it is expected that NSA equipment will be fully compatible with SA technology when it is standardized next year.

The so-called non-autonomous NSA (Non-standalone) 5G mode normalizes the use of enhanced mobile broadband access (enhanced Mobile BroadBand, eMBB) in LTE networks.

In turn, the 5G NR standard implies the use of new frequency bands that provide an increase in data exchange speed while reducing latency. It is this mode that was developed as a foundation for the first years of development and implementation of 5G networks.

The final 5G specifications describe support for multiple frequency spectrums for next-generation mobile networks. The low frequency spectrum includes frequencies in the range of 600-700 MHz. The midrange spectrum includes frequencies in the 3,5 GHz band. The high-frequency spectrum is located in the region of the 50 GHz band.

Officially, data exchange rates for user devices are standardized at up to 20 Gbps for reception and 10 Gbps for transmissions, while the 5G network must maintain a load of at least 500 subscriber connections per square kilometer.

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