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Ultrathin superwire

01.10.2011

It is possible that hot superconductivity can be achieved in an ultrathin film. Since the day Georg Bednorz and Karl Müller (Nobel Prize 1987) discovered the high-temperature superconductivity of yttrium cuprate and realized that it was due to the defectiveness of its structure - the lack of oxygen atoms compared to stoichiometry, materials scientists have tried many times to take the next step and get a hot superconductivity (at room temperature). But they didn't succeed.

A fundamentally new direction of research was proposed by Yaak Chakhalyan, a professor at the University of Arkansas. He believes that elastic stresses that arise in a thin film during its growth can help. As long as the film is thin, its atoms must adjust to the crystal lattice of the substrate. As the film thickness increases, the stress power increases, and they first generate lattice defects, and then the film begins to warp and peel off from the substrate, which hardly improves the conductive properties.

Therefore, no one was seriously looking for superconductivity in such a strained film. But Chakhalyan and his colleagues managed to grow a film of superconducting ceramics in such a way that it turned out to be monatomic, defect-free and even seemingly undeformed.

Studies at the synchrotron have shown that stresses can be extinguished not by changing the lengths of interatomic bonds, but by rotating them. This rotation can also affect the properties of superconducting pairs of electrons, giving them additional stability at high temperatures.

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In the heat is not up to love 15.11.2015

To the many troubles that await us in connection with global warming, it seems that one can also add a drop in the birth rate - researchers from the US National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) found that if over the past 80 years, in some season, the temperature in the United States has risen above 26,7°C, then after 10 months the newborns were smaller than usual. In general, writes Bloomberg.com with reference to the working report of economists from the NBER, the fall in the birth rate each time averaged 0,4% from the previous level. And, most importantly, the subsequent rebound was incomplete: the gain was only 32% of the decline. The authors of the study also note that the negative effect of the heat is partly smoothed out since the 70s of the last century, that is, from the time when air conditioning systems began to become widespread.

If, due to global warming, the global temperature continues to rise, then, given the new data, it is easy to imagine what demographic and, therefore, economic consequences await us all. Ecologists can only note with satisfaction that this is a more weighty argument in favor of some kind of active political action than "a decrease in biodiversity on the planet": the connection between biodiversity and human environmental well-being does exist, but it is very difficult to bring it to the consciousness of the "general public" .

Of course, here it would be interesting to know what specific behavioral and / or physiological mechanism links one to the other. Someone will say that in the heat it is not too drawn to love joys, but the whole point may be in some features of the process of fertilization, the fusion of the sperm with the egg, and the subsequent introduction of the embryo into the uterus.

However, recently an article was published in Behavioral Ecology that speaks just in favor of the first explanation. Zoologists from the University of Exeter decided to find out why some female fruit flies mate with many males, while others suffice with one. On the one hand, there is a genetic predisposition to this or that sexual behavior, on the other hand, can the environment contribute?

It turned out, maybe: when it got colder, most females tended to mate with a large number of males, while when it got warmer, they switched to monogamy. (Some, however, remained poly- or monogamous, regardless of the ambient temperature.) Similar variation in sexual behavior can be found in a number of fish, birds, and reptiles, and may also be partly determined by current environmental conditions.

It would be incorrect to directly compare the two works: in one case, we have experiments under strictly controlled conditions, in the other, there is a statistical correlation, which, by the way, may depend on other factors besides temperature; and let's not forget about the difference between Drosophila and humans. But, nevertheless, we all here definitely have something to think about.

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