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Television and astronomers

11.06.2010

For American astronomers, there was a respite: with the transition of television in the United States to digital broadcasting, radio frequencies in the range of 700-800 megahertz, previously occupied by analog television programs, were temporarily released.

It is on these waves that we can expect the discovery of new galaxies that arose at a time when the Universe was half as young as it is now. In addition, experts hope to find signals from new pulsars, neutron stars, periodically emitting radio waves in the freed range.

To use the opportunities that have opened up, a new radio receiver has already been mounted on a huge radio telescope in Arecibo (Puerto Rico). True, the respite will last only about a year: the released frequencies are sold at auctions to mobile operators and other interested parties.

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The brain of boys and girls reacts differently to stress 18.11.2016

Dr. Victor Carrion of Stanford University and his colleagues found that stress affects the brains of boys and girls differently. Significant differences were found in an area called the islet of Reil, which is responsible for the perception of body signals, as well as emotions and empathy.

Some young people exposed to stress subsequently sink into a condition called post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), while others do not. People with this disorder may be haunted by painful memories - they try to avoid contact with people, places, things associated with a stressful situation. They may have trouble communicating, sleeping, and concentrating.

Previous studies have shown that girls are, on average, more at risk of developing PTSD than boys, but scientists have not been able to determine why.

The authors of the new study conducted MRI scans of the brains of 59 volunteers aged 9-17 years. Thirty girls and boys between the ages of 14 and 16 had episodes of psychological trauma, while twenty-nine others made up the control group. All participants in the experiment had a similar age and IQ. Among the traumatized participants, five experienced one stressful event, while the remaining twenty-five experienced two or more episodes or were chronically stressed.

The researchers found no difference in brain structure between boys and girls in the control group. However, among injured boys and girls, they saw differences in a part of the islet of Reil called the anterior sulcus. This area of the brain had more volume and surface area in boys with trauma. At the same time, the volume of the same region was smaller in girls with trauma than in girls from the control group.

"It is very important that people who work with traumatized youth take into account gender differences. Our results show that it is possible that boys and girls may have different symptoms of trauma and that they may benefit from different therapies," she said. Megan Klabunde, co-author of the study.

The islet of Reil usually changes during childhood and adolescence. A decrease in the volume of this zone, as a rule, is considered a sign of growing up. Thus, the obtained data mean that traumatic stress can lead to premature sexual development of girls.

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