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The smallest TV camera

16.03.2010

Two Israeli firms have created a subminiature camera for endoscopy.

A color television camera, together with a lens, is half a centimeter long and 1,2 millimeters in diameter. The dimensions of the matrix that perceives the image are 0,7 by 0,7 millimeters. The small size of the camera allows you to run it not only into the stomach, but also into the bronchi, and even through a small puncture into the knee joint to see its internal damage.

Serial production will begin in the summer of 2010. In mass production, the camera is so cheap that it will be used in disposable endoscopes, which, after examining the next patient, are not sterilized, but simply thrown away.

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Carbon dioxide is an important ingredient in what makes beer a refreshing drink. The tiny bubbles that are released when pouring beer into a glass not only give the drink a pleasant fizz, but also carry flavor and aroma compounds to the nose and tongue, to our receptors.

A group of experts from the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) set out to answer the question of how many bubbles form in a standard 250ml bottle of lager that is chilled to 6°C.

The team calculated how much carbon dioxide would dissolve in beer poured into a tilted glass. It turns out that for the formation of bubbles in the microstructure of the glass itself, there must be tiny voids filled with air. These cavities must be at least 1,4 nanometers wide in order for bubble streams to form in them.

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Taking all this into account, the researchers calculated that between 200 and two million bubbles form in a glass of beer under the conditions they cited.

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