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New miniature PWM controller

19.01.2008

STMicroclectronics, the world's leading supplier of semiconductors for power management systems, has expanded its lineup with a new series of flexible and high performance PWM controllers.

New elements - L6726A, L6727, L6728, L6728A (in standard SO-8 or miniature 3x3mm DFN package) include voltage reference, control logic, GATE drivers, test and protection circuits. All four devices are designed for use on motherboards and for organizing a distributed power supply scheme (POL Point of Load).

Two models of these chips provide additional features for high performance applications. Firstly, this is the PowerGOOD output, which provides information about the status of the IS. Secondly, a special sensitive output for voltage overload protection and detection of voltage insufficient for operation.

The L6726A and L6727 are low cost, single-phase PWM controllers with built-in high current drivers. They make it quite easy to create DC/DC buck converters for a wide range of applications: from powering PC assemblies (memory, chipsets) to general purpose power supplies. Highly integrated, these compact devices can significantly reduce the cost and size of power supplies.

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An animal gene could help plants clean the air 30.12.2018

Houseplants make the air fresher and cleaner. However, they are not able to remove all harmful substances. For example, chloroform - it is formed in very small quantities in chlorinated tap water and flies into the air when we boil water or just take a shower. Or benzene, which is contained in gasoline - "air" benzene can be found in the garage or, say, in the closet where the lawn mower is stored. Both chloroform and benzene are considered carcinogens, so it would be better if they were not in the air.

Researchers at the University of Washington have modified Epipremnum aureus (one of the common houseplants) so that it can absorb chloroform and benzene, recycling them for its own benefit. Epipremnum does not bloom in temperate latitudes, so there is no danger that its genetically modified version will spread through seeds. A gene encoding the cytochrome P450 2E1 protein, or simply 2E1, was introduced into the plant genome. Cytochromes catalyze redox reactions, therefore they play an important role in obtaining energy for the cell, as well as wherever it is necessary to destroy and neutralize various unnecessary and dangerous substances.

Cytochrome 2E1 is found in all mammals. It can convert benzene to phenol and chloroform to CO2 and harmless chloride ions. However, we have 2E1 working in the liver (where, by the way, it helps to process alcohol) and cannot help us deal with airborne pollutants that enter the lungs.

To transplant into a plant, the researchers made a synthetic gene based on the 2E1 variant found in rabbits. Epipremnum could only benefit from the animal gene: plants need CO2 and chloride ions for normal metabolism, and with the help of phenol they can make molecular components for the cell wall.
The modified epipremnum, in which cytochrome 2E1 was synthesized in each cell, was placed in a glass container, where there was an admixture of chloroform or benzene in the air. An article in Environmental Science & Technology says that after three days the chloroform concentration had dropped by 82%, and after six days there was no chloroform at all. Epipremnum also absorbed benzene, but more slowly: after eight days, the concentration of benzene decreased by 75%. At the same time, an ordinary, unmodified plant did not absorb either chloroform or benzene - the concentration of both remained constant even after 11 days.

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