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Dinosaurs Hearing Test

06.06.2006

What sound frequencies were available to hearing dinosaurs? The German paleontologist Otto Gleich from the University of Regensburg undertook to find out.

He compared the sizes of the bone parts of the hearing aid preserved in fossils in modern birds, Archeopteryx and two dinosaurs - the Allosaurus, which weighed one and a half tons, and the Brachiosaurus (75 tons).

The larger the details of the inner ear, the lower the range of frequencies perceived by it. Archeopteryx perceived sounds in the same range that modern birds hear (whether Archeopteryx himself sang remains unknown). Allosaurus heard sounds best at 1100 hertz, and the highest sound it could hear was 3000 hertz. Brachiosaurus best heard sounds with a frequency of about 700 hertz, and above 2400 hertz did not hear anything.

It can be assumed that dinosaurs, like modern elephants, perceived infrasound.

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The capacity of lithium-ion batteries will increase by a third 13.04.2013

The new technology allows a 30% increase in the capacity of lithium-ion batteries. The developer expects that the technology will be of interest to manufacturers of smartphones and other gadgets, as it will reduce their size and weight.

The American startup EnerG2 has started the production of electrodes from the so-called "solid carbon". It allows you to increase the capacity of a lithium-ion battery without significant design changes and the introduction of new manufacturing processes, according to Technology Review. According to representatives of EnerG2, the carbon electrode (in this case, the anode, the positive electrode in the battery) allows you to increase battery capacity by up to 30%. The EnerG2 electrode is made of carbon with an amorphous structure, in which the atoms are not ordered, unlike graphite with its crystalline structure, a traditional material for making anodes. Such a material can store 50% more energy per unit of its surface than graphite.

Lead-acid batteries and capacitor parts were the first products to use the new technology. However, both products represent relatively narrow segments compared to the lithium-ion battery market. According to EnerG2 CEO Rick Luebbe, the disadvantage of the material described is that the battery loses its capacity the first time the battery is charged. The startup managed to reduce the size of this loss to a value acceptable for the manufacture of commercial products.

It is worth considering that the cost of an anode made of solid carbon is about 20% higher compared to graphite. For this reason, this technology is unlikely to be able to afford manufacturers of batteries for electric vehicles, analysts say. As for manufacturers of electronic gadgets, they may well pay extra to make devices thinner and lighter.

In addition to batteries, EnerG2 is exploring other uses for solid carbon, including storing natural gas at lower pressures. In 2010, the company received a grant from the state in the amount of $21 million, for which, among other things, the plant was built.

Making electrodes from solid carbon is one possible way to increase battery capacity. For example, VC-backed Envia Systems and Amprius have proposed the use of silicon in electrodes, which has also led to higher capacitance. However, according to EnerG2 representatives, silicon electrodes offer fewer recharge cycles and require design changes.

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