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Swallow surgeon

17.07.2005

In the Italian medical center of St. Anne in the city of Pontedera, a prototype of a surgical robot measuring 2,5 by 1 centimeter has been created.

The patient swallows this capsule, the built-in television camera transmits by radio an image of the stomach and intestines. Under the control of a doctor, the robot can perform microsurgical operations. The robot moves on six thin legs, unable to damage the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.

Experimental checks are ahead, first on animals.

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Majorana fermions found in uranium ditelluride 04.04.2020

Physicists at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign used high-resolution microscopic techniques to see the internal structure of a new superconductor, uranium ditelluride UTe2. The measurements showed the presence in this material of an exotic quasi-particle - the Majorana fermion.

Such fermions were theoretically predicted as early as 1937 by the Italian physicist Ettore Majorana, and since then physicists have been trying to experimentally prove their existence. Scientists believe that a special class of materials called chiral unconventional superconductors could have such particles. One such promising material is uranium telluride.

Inside a normal superconductor, electrons form pairs in such a way that they are able to pass through the material without colliding with the crystal lattice sites and the ensuing loss of energy. In this common form of superconductivity, magnetic fields can break up the resulting Cooper pairs of electrons, returning the material back to its normal state.

But recently, researchers have shown that uranium ditelluride differs from those obeying the traditional theory of materials. Last year, physicists showed that this compound remains a superconductor even in the presence of magnetic fields of up to 65 Tesla - ten thousand times stronger than a fridge magnet. This behavior, combined with other measurements, led the authors of the new paper to speculate that the electrons in uranium ditelluride paired differently than usual, allowing them not to be destroyed by the magnetic field. Pairing is important because superconductors with this property are very likely to have Majorana fermions on their surface.

Scientists have found several new arguments in favor of this theory. They used a scanning tunneling microscope, a device that can image the surface of a material down to the atomic level and see what happens to the electrons. On the surface of such a material, one can find a kind of "steps" - elevations, on which the detection of elusive quasiparticles is most likely. The researchers found that if some of these stages were filmed from different angles, the waveforms were different and related to each other like mirror images.

This anomaly can be explained by the existence of Majorana fermions that circulate in the same direction. The scientists' next step is to make measurements that would confirm that the material has broken time reversal symmetry. This means that the particles would have to move differently if the arrow of time were theoretically reversed. If this is confirmed, then uranium ditelluride would be the only material - other than superfluid helium-3 - that has been proven to be a chiral unconventional superconductor.

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