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nitrogen diamond

17.10.2004

A group of scientists led by Mikhail Yeremets from the Max Planck Institute of Chemistry (Germany) obtained the polymer nitrogen predicted about ten years ago.

Enclosing nitrogen in a microscopic diamond chamber with a piston, they subjected it to a pressure of a million atmospheres, while heating it with a laser to 1725 degrees Celsius. The nitrogen sample turned into a transparent crystal.

X-ray diffraction analysis showed that this is polymeric nitrogen, similar both in appearance and in molecular structure to diamond.

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Alcohol content of warm beer 07.05.2024

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Random news from the Archive

Economical biofuel from cellulose 27.06.2015

A bright dream of biotechnologists is an economical biofuel from cellulose. Of course, sawdust and other garbage are supposed to be used for biofuel, and not timber. Cellulose, as you know, is a polymer of glucose, however, it is beta-glucose, not alpha-glucose, which is part of sugar and starch, but bacteria or yeast fungi may well make some alcohols or other energetically valuable molecules from it. It would be much more profitable than spending potential food raw materials on fuel. However, it is difficult to break down cellulose into monomers; it is not for nothing that plant mass and wood are malnourished, unlike starchy tubers. This is the bottleneck on the way to biofuels.

But some people in nature eat wood, like some bacteria. And if they eat, then they know how to break down cellulose. Aerobic (oxygen-loving) microorganisms do this with the help of free enzyme molecules, while anaerobic, living in an oxygen-free environment, use enzyme complexes called "cellulosomes". Cellulase enzymes, which cleave bonds between glucose molecules, and specific proteins that attach to cellulose, are assembled into a construct that is significantly more efficient than free enzymes.

Recently it has been shown that the activity of cellulases is significantly enhanced by other enzymes, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases - LPMO. But these enzymes are available only in aerobic bacteria (which is understandable: oxygen is needed to carry out the redox reaction).

Researchers from the Weizmann Institute (Israel) have managed to combine single molecules of cellulases and LPMO of the aerobic bacterium Thermobifida fusca into a cellulosome. Proteins were combined "in the Lego principle," as the authors of the article put it. But it would be more accurate to say that all the necessary proteins - cellulases, LPMO and the cellulose binding site - were genetically engineered with connectors borrowed from proteins of anaerobic bacteria that can assemble into cellulosomes. The connectors were chosen so that the complex included one molecule of each of the proteins. The activity of modified proteins, taken separately, did not change compared to the initial one, but cellulosomes containing LPMO cleaved cellulose 1,6 times better than a mixture of free-floating proteins, and 2,6 times better than a cellulase solution without LMPO.

Israeli scientists will not stop there: they plan to include enzymes that break down lignin into new designer cellulosomes. And you get a multi-enzyme complex that turns solid wood into a solution of sugars and phenol derivatives.

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