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Cooling without electricity

28.09.2022

It often happens that in those countries in need of advanced cooling systems, there is no infrastructure to power such installations.

A new development by scientists at MIT can solve this problem. The thing is that they have created a system that combines evaporative cooling, radiative cooling and thermal insulation.

The new development is able to provide cooling up to 10,5 C compared to ambient temperature. Since the system is in the form of a three-layer panel, it can be safely placed over or around the item to be cooled.

The researchers cite the fact that it does not require electricity and that some of the materials used in the system are "easily available and relatively inexpensive" as a plus for their development.

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Bone hormone suppresses appetite 20.03.2017

In the bones, in addition to mineral salts, there are cells that perform different functions. In particular, the role of cells called osteoblasts is to produce the very substance of bone - collagen protein filaments mineralized with calcium salts.

However, “bone synthesis” is not the only function of osteoblasts: American scientists have found that these cells, among other things, secrete the protein lipocalin 2 (LCN2), which strongly suppresses appetite. It is known that lipocalin 2 is synthesized by adipose tissue, but osteoblasts, as it turned out, produce it ten times more.

When mice cut off the lipocalin 2 gene in bone cells, the levels of the hormone in the animals dropped 67 times, the mice began to eat more, accumulate fat and gain weight. Conversely, when obese mice were injected with LCN2, the animals ate less and lost weight; in addition, their insulin levels increased and glucose metabolism returned to normal. As everyone is well aware, low insulin levels and high blood glucose levels are signs of incipient (or already onset) diabetes, so lipocalin 2 actually relieved diabetic symptoms.

One of the main centers for the regulation of appetite, hunger, and eating behavior in general is the hypothalamus, so it could be expected that lipocalin 2 somehow interacts with it. Indeed, it turned out that the hormone passes into the brain, and especially a lot of it accumulates just in the hypothalamus. If lipocalin 2 was injected directly into the brain of mice, the effect was the same as from injection into the blood - the animals' appetite weakened and body weight decreased.

Further experiments showed that the hormone binds to melonocortin receptors, which are known for being actively involved in the regulation of appetite. When lipocalin 2 was injected into the hypothalamus of mice, it was cells with melanocortin receptors that responded to it. By turning the receptor genes on and off, the researchers found that both changes in appetite and changes in weight depend on the interaction of lipocalin with melanocortin receptors.

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