Production of hydrogen fuel from air. Free Technical Library News

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Production of hydrogen fuel from air

12.09.2022

Hydrogen has huge potential as a clean fuel: it is plentiful (mainly in compounds like water), produces no harmful emissions, and can be used to store energy from solar, wind and tidal sources.

However, there are problems with producing enough material in a practical and affordable way. Separating hydrogen from water can require complex technology, as well as clean fresh water, which is not available everywhere in abundance.

An international team of scientists has developed a new prototype device that can harvest water from moist air before splitting it into hydrogen and oxygen. What's more, it can work in places where humidity - the concentration of water vapor in the air - is as low as 4%.

The device assembled by the researchers is a prototype electrolyser powered by electricity from renewable energy sources to decompose water into its elements, hydrogen and oxygen. In one test, five electrolyzers were run in parallel with a solar power source. The electrodes sit on either side of a water collection device, a sponge-like material that absorbs water from the air but also serves as a reservoir for the electrolyte. Both electrodes are insulated from air, which means that hydrogen and oxygen can be collected as pure gases after separation has taken place.

A number of different materials and settings were tested to get the prototype device to perform at a satisfactory level, and one of the configurations the researchers tried was able to work successfully for 12 consecutive days.

"This so-called direct air electrolysis (DAE) module can operate in a completely dry environment with a relative humidity of 4%, overcoming water supply problems and producing green hydrogen sustainably with minimal environmental impact," they said.

The technology is still in its early stages, scientists say, because different DAE setups and materials have led to different results in terms of efficiency and power generation. However, the team is confident that their device can be improved and scaled.

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The reaction to a cigarette depends on the ideas about its composition. 21.09.2016

Scientists from the University of Texas at Dallas found that the brain's response to nicotine is not only directly related to its content in cigarettes, but also to a person's subjective idea of a cigarette. So, if a person smokes ordinary cigarettes, but is sure that they contain a low content of nicotine, his craving for smoking is not satisfied, says a press release from the university.

The scientists used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to record neural activity in the insular cortex, an area of the brain that plays an important role in regulating functions such as body perception and overall sense of self. The same area is associated with drug cravings.

The experiment involved 24 nicotine-dependent smokers. During four visits, participants received nicotine-containing cigarettes twice and placebo twice. About the composition of each type of cigarette they were once told the truth and once - the exact opposite. Thus, there were four types of situations: on the one hand, the participant can be deceived, i.e. he believes that the cigarette contains nicotine, but in fact he receives a placebo, or vice versa, he is sure that there is no nicotine in the cigarette, although in fact there is; and, on the other hand, he receives correct information, that is, the participant believes that the cigarette does not contain nicotine and there really is none there, or he is sure that there is nicotine - and his expectations correspond to reality.

In addition to assessing brain activity using fMRI, each participant was asked to rate their level of craving for cigarettes before and after smoking. Analysis of the data showed that increased activity in the insular cortex was present when the subject received the nicotine containing cigarette and believed he had received it. When the subject smoked an ordinary cigarette, but was sure that it was a placebo, such brain activity was not observed.

The researchers believe that understanding the psychological component of nicotine addiction will help develop effective methods of dealing with it.

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