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Growing wood without a tree

12.08.2022

American scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have invented a way to grow wood in the laboratory.

To do this, the researchers first isolated cells from the leaves of young Zinnia elegans plants. The cells are cultured in liquid medium for two days, then transferred to a gel-based medium that contains nutrients and two different hormones. Adjusting hormone levels at this point in the process allows researchers to fine-tune the physical and mechanical properties of the plant cells that grow in this nutrient-rich broth.

The cell culture solution is then extruded into a specific shape using a 3D printer and left in the dark to incubate for three months. At the end, the material is dehydrated and sent for research.

"The idea is that you can grow plant materials in exactly the form you need, without the need for any kind of mechanical processing that consumes energy and produces waste," the scientists say.

Scientists hope that with the help of their technology in the future it will be possible to refuse cutting down trees for the manufacture of wooden products, which is important for preserving the environment.

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Penicillin causes behavioral changes 21.04.2017

Dr. John Bienenstock and his colleagues at McMaster University found that giving clinical (low) doses of penicillin to pregnant mice and their offspring resulted in long-term behavioral changes. In particular, the level of aggression increases and the level of anxiety decreases. All this is accompanied by characteristic neurochemical changes in the brain and an imbalance in the intestinal flora.

However, giving these mice a lactobacillus strain of the bacteria helped prevent these effects. "Penicillin at low doses, taken late in pregnancy and early in life, altered the behavior and balance of microbes in the subjects' guts. Although these studies were done in mice, they support growing concerns about the long-term effects of antibiotic use," Dr. Bienenstock said.

Previously, in 2014, a study had already been conducted showing that giving clinical doses of penicillin to mice late in pregnancy and at an early age resulted in increased vulnerability to dietary induction of obesity.

"There are almost no babies in North America who haven't received a course of antibiotics in their first year of life," continued Dr. Bienenstock. "Antibiotics are not only prescribed, but also found in meat and dairy products. If mothers pass on the effects of these drugs to their unborn children or children after birth, this raises additional questions. However, our results suggest that a probiotic may be effective in preventing the harmful effects of penicillin."

Other studies have shown that high doses of broad-spectrum antibiotics in adult animals can influence behavior. However, until now, no one has addressed the impact of clinical doses of a widely used narrow-spectrum antibiotic such as penicillin on gut bacteria and general behavior.

The research team plans to analyze the effects of penicillin on offspring, in conditions where only pregnant women receive the drug, but not the children themselves. They also intend to investigate the effectiveness of different types of potentially beneficial bacteria in protecting offspring from behavioral changes resulting from the use of antibiotics.

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