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quantum flute

26.07.2022

American scientists have created a "quantum flute" that can make photons move in sync and interact with each other, something they almost never do in nature. The device could help improve future quantum computer designs.

Like the musical instrument of the same name, the team's "quantum flute" is a piece of metal with a long cavity in the middle, accessed by a series of holes from the surface. But this device is designed not for sound waves, but for light.

"Just like with a musical instrument, you can send one or more wavelengths of photons through it all, and each wavelength creates a 'note' that can be used to encode quantum information," said David Schuster, lead author of the study.

In their experiments with the device, the researchers were able to control the interaction of up to five notes, or qubits, at the same time, using a superconducting electrical circuit as the master qubit. This shows that if the system is scaled up, it can greatly simplify the management of future quantum computers.

"If you wanted to build a quantum computer with 1 bits and could control them all with a single bit, that would be incredibly valuable," Schuster said.

A "quantum flute" is a piece of metal with holes drilled into it that can capture and manipulate photons of different wavelengths to encode quantum information. But perhaps the strangest thing about this "quantum flute" is that it works by manipulating photons to do things they rarely do in nature.

These light particles usually do not interact with each other, that is, they pass by or even through each other. Under certain conditions, they can sometimes be made to interact in pairs, but in the new device, the team was able to get all the photons to interact with each other at the same time, after the energy in the system reaches a critical point.

Usually, most particle interactions are one-on-one—two particles bounce off or are attracted to each other. If you add a third, they tend to still interact consistently with each other. But in this system they all interact simultaneously.

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Smoking mother harms unborn child 02.09.2013

Scientists have found out how nicotine consumed by a pregnant woman affects her offspring. It turns out that nicotine not only promotes addiction and craving for smoking in a child, but also leads to a tendency to lead an unhealthy lifestyle.

It is well known that smoking during pregnancy alters the development of the fetal brain and increases the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight and miscarriage. In addition, prenatal nicotine exposure is known to increase the likelihood of tobacco use and nicotine addiction later in life, but so far the mechanisms of nicotine's effects on the unborn have remained unclear.

To uncover these mechanisms, Rockefeller University neuroscientists injected pregnant rats with low doses of nicotine, equivalent to one cigarette a day for a pregnant woman. Scientists have studied the brains and behavior of rat offspring and now understand why people exposed to nicotine in the womb are more likely to become smokers. In addition, other very serious negative side effects were found.

It turns out that nicotine increases the number of specific types of neurons in the amygdala and hypothalamus. Cells in these areas of the brain produce orexin, enkephalins and melanin-enriching hormones, in other words, neuropeptides that are responsible for stimulating appetite and increasing food intake. When exposed to nicotine in the womb, more cells are formed in the brain that produce these hormones. As a result, the younger generation is not only more likely to use nicotine, but also prefer to eat more fatty foods and drink more alcohol.

Thus, exposure to nicotine in the womb stimulates an unhealthy appetite in the offspring, which end up prone to overconsumption of nicotine, drugs, alcohol, and fatty foods. In fact, one cigarette smoked per day, or a similar dose of nicotine obtained from a patch or an electronic cigarette, leads to the fact that the mother "programs" her child's body for unfavorable development.

It is very difficult to fight this innate feature; this requires the strong will of the "affected" teenager and the appropriate environment, where only a healthy lifestyle is the norm. Unfortunately, during adolescence, these two factors are usually in great deficit.

Previously, the same scientists found that excessive consumption of fatty foods during pregnancy also creates a harmful tendency to overeat in future offspring. In general, it should be stated that pregnancy is a greater responsibility than some people believe.

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