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The harm from e-cigarettes outweighs the benefits

15.04.2022

Scientists at the Australian National University have published a large review that analyzes the many scientific papers on electronic cigarettes and other vaping devices and their impact on health. Initially, there were about 19 thousand such studies. Then, when those that duplicate each other, those that do not meet the criteria for scientific publications, etc., were eliminated, 189 "e-cigarette" works remained, which, in general, is also not so small.

The report outlines the range of ills that can result from vaping in one form or another, from poisoning and lung damage to addiction. Which is hardly surprising, since from these devices you inhale not just water vapor - you can find up to 243 different substances in nicotine-free e-cigarettes, of which thirty-eight are considered poisons. Although it should be noted here that not all vape liquids contain these substances, and it is unlikely that anyone died after the first puff, that is, dangerous substances are present there in more or less safe concentrations. In addition, the authors of the review write that if there is a link between e-cigarettes and complex chronic diseases, it is not so obvious: that is, it cannot be said that vaping increases the risk of cardiovascular, oncological or endocrine diseases, that it inhibits the development of the brain of children and teenagers, etc.

However, if we talk about the fact that e-cigarettes help to quit smoking regular cigarettes, then everything is not so simple here. Those who have never smoked, or quit long ago, start smoking regular cigarettes if they get carried away with vaping. In fact, e-cigarettes are three times more likely that a person will switch to regular smoking - compared to those who do not use e-cigarettes at all.

There are also reverse examples, when a smoker using electronic cigarettes forgets about regular ones. However, this benefit does not outweigh the disadvantage that was just mentioned - that e-cigarettes increase the likelihood that a person will start smoking. Electronic cigarettes can be used to get rid of tobacco addiction, but this requires an individual approach, and it would be better if e-cigarettes were sold in accordance with medical recommendations, and not just to everyone.

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Laser with record stability 06.02.2022

The scientists behind the BACON (Boulder Atomic Clock Optical Network) project are building a global network of interconnected atomic clocks, recently tested a new laser system that has achieved the highest stability record to date. Through the use of a number of innovations and engineering solutions, the beam of this laser system was able to maintain its stability, covering a distance of 2,4 kilometers in the open air. The wavelength, phase, and amplitude stability of this laser system is at least 100 times greater than similar systems built before, and 1000 times greater than the stability of the atomic clock itself, which will be connected and synchronized using such laser communication.

If the creation of a global network of atomic clocks is ultimately successful, it will give scientists a highly accurate tool to test some of the fundamental laws of physics, to study dark matter, to create high-precision navigation systems, and so on. One of the conditions for creating this is the presence of laser communication capable of providing clock synchronization, i.e. the stability of this bond must be much higher than that of an atomic clock. Moreover, such a connection must work in open air, which in itself is a rather difficult task.

During the experiments, the scientists "shot" a laser beam at a reflector set at a distance of 1.2 kilometers and analyzed the parameters of the light that returned to the source. The highest stability indicators were maintained for 5 minutes, after which additional adjustment and recalibration of the system was required. Five minutes, however, is a long enough period of time during which thousands and even millions of highly accurate measurements can be made.

The distance of 2,4 kilometers for the experiment was not chosen by chance. According to calculations, the amount of atmospheric perturbations and turbulence at such a distance near the Earth's surface corresponds to the amount that will act on a laser beam directed from the surface to low Earth orbit, because the air in the higher layers of the atmosphere is thinner and has a more "calm character". And new methods of noise reduction, control of thermal expansion and regulation of the position of the reflector made it possible to maintain the stability of the laser beam passing through the "pockets" of oscillating air.

Another factor that contributed to the improvement in stability was the use of a laser emitting a continuous beam of light rather than a pulsed laser. These two types of lasers have their advantages and disadvantages in different applications, but as practice has shown, a continuous laser can still provide better stability, plus it is able to transmit more information per unit of time.

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