Definition of transparent objects. Free Technical Library News

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Definition of transparent objects

25.03.2022

Robots and other automated systems have always had difficulty visually determining the three-dimensional shape of transparent objects, such as those made of glass. The new system solves this problem by using a laser to rapidly heat the desired surface.

The Glass360Dgree system, developed by the German Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, includes an infrared laser as well as two highly sensitive thermal cameras.

Within fractions of a second, the laser moves over the entire surface of the object, slightly heating it. There is no risk that the object will melt or burn, as it only heats up by 3 °C.

Although the absorbed thermal energy is stored in glass or other material for only a short time, this is enough for two cameras to simultaneously record changes in the thermal characteristic of the object from two angles. This data is analyzed by a computer system, which can then determine the three-dimensional shape and size of the object.

Along with transparent materials, the technology can be used to image hard-to-scan materials such as highly reflective materials or solid blacks.

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While observing the distant regions of the solar system, NASA's Hubble Telescope discovered a satellite of the dwarf planet Makemake, located in the Kuiper belt. This discovery confirms the hypothesis that dwarf planets may have their own satellites. The NASA website reports the results of the study.

The moon of a distant planet was named MK2. It is located at a distance of approximately 21 thousand km from the surface of the planet and revolves around it in an orbit with a length of about 1,4 million km.

The observation was carried out by the space telescope in April 2015. Astronomers used the same tools that were used to search for Pluto's small moons in 2005, 2011 and 2012. One of Hubble's unique features is that it can see dark objects near bright ones and take high-resolution photographs of them.

"Our preliminary estimates indicate that the moon's orbit is rib-shaped, which means that when you look at the system, you can often miss it because it gets lost in Makemake's bright light. It's in a class of rare objects like the planet Pluto, so the discovery of a satellite is very important. The discovery of the moon of a distant world has given us the opportunity to study Makemake in much more detail than we could ever have without a satellite," said astronomer Alex Parker of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder ( USA).

This discovery provides scientists with valuable information about the dwarf planet system. By measuring a satellite's orbit, astronomers can calculate the mass of the system and gain insight into its evolution. The discovery also supports the idea that most dwarf planets have moons.

Scientists have found many parallels between Makemake and Pluto. Both planets are icy worlds covered in frozen methane. The experience of studying Pluto will make it easier for scientists to calculate the Makemake density, one of the key characteristics for many future studies.

Astronomers will need to revisit the Hubble data in order to make more accurate measurements of the extent of MK 2's orbit and its shape (elliptical or cyclic). According to preliminary calculations, the "moon" Makemake makes one revolution around it in 12 Earth days.

Determining the shape of the orbit of MK 2 will make it possible to resolve the issue of its origin. Scientists suggest that it arose as a result of the collision of Makemake with another object. If the moon is in a wide, elongated orbit, then the version of the “capture” of an initially foreign object by the planet will be more likely.

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