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Two-dimensional polymer is stronger than steel

14.02.2022

American materials scientists have learned to synthesize two-dimensional polymers, which, unlike others, are able to assemble in layers instead of forming one-dimensional chains. Made from melamine, the two-dimensional polyaramid is six times less dense than steel, but nearly twice as strong. The manufacturing method is scaled - the material self-assembles in solution.

Chemists strive to obtain a covalently bonded, highly periodic molecular structure one monomer thick. "Molecular carpet" is a good term for a two-dimensional polymer. True two-dimensional polymers will be one monomer thick and have a regular structure.

The big problem in making XNUMXD polymers is that even though there are strategies for synthesizing such structures, the XNUMXD spherical counterpart grows much faster. That is, only the desired molecular structure polymerizes, it will quickly be overtaken by the already familiar three-dimensional structure, for the creation of which one rotation of the bond of the attached monomer is sufficient. In their work, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology tried to get around this limitation and began experimenting with amides.

The hypothesis of the authors of the work is that strong amide-aromatic bonds inhibit the intrastructural rotation of the chains, that is, they will not allow them to return and leave the plane. The scientists mixed melanin and trimesoyl chloride in the presence of pyridine, and the resulting gel was purified and dried in a vacuum, resulting in their two-dimensional polymer, where the molecules gathered into nanolayers due to strong interlayer hydrogen bonds.

Because the material self-assembles in solution, it can be produced in large quantities simply by increasing the amount of starting materials. The scientists called the created material polyaramid. They estimated the average molecular thickness at 3,69 angstroms and the diameter at 10,3 nanometers, which is a defining feature of two-dimensional polymerization.

Scanning electron microscopy of the obtained films did not reveal defects in the polymer structure, and a gas permeability test showed that polymer films pass gas about 22 times worse than the most gas-tight barrier materials. The scientists also found that the new material's modulus of elasticity - the force required to deform the material - reached a value of 12,7 gigapascals, which is significantly higher than that of thermoplastics, reinforced epoxy or nylon. And the tensile strength of the new material was about 488 megapascals, almost twice that of ASTM A36 structural steel. Given that the density of the polymer is about one-sixth that of steel.

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