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Thyroid in jelly

02.03.2004

Kidney or heart transplants have become almost routine, but thyroid transplants have not yet been successful. It is very aggressively rejected by the immune system.

Specialists from the German company Cellmed have learned how to make microcapsules from alginate and place cells of the thyroid or parathyroid gland inside. Alginate, a jelly-like substance produced by brown algae, is used in cosmetics and the food industry, for example, as part of ice cream. A suspension of microcapsules with cells is injected with a syringe into the diseased thyroid gland of the patient.

The alginate shell does not allow antibodies or macrophage cells of the immune system to reach the gland cells. But oxygen and nutrients from the blood, as well as hormones produced by transplanted cells, pass through the network of long alginate molecules unhindered.

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Lack of sleep makes us eat too much 01.04.2016

Now almost every person in one way or another experiences a lack of sleep, and this leads to a variety of body disorders. For example, lack of sleep can lead to significant weight gain.

People tend to eat more if they didn't get enough sleep the previous night. Now scientists have linked this behavior to human physiology: sleep deprivation alters the endocannabinoid system, a series of receptors that influence hormone regulation and immune function.

During the study, physicians constantly monitored the amount of sleep of 14 young men and women. For four nights, six participants slept normally, approximately 7,5 hours per night, while the remaining eight participants received only 4 hours of sleep. They were given the same amount of calories per day. The researchers asked subjects to rate their hunger, mood, appetite, and anxiety, and then took hourly blood tests to measure levels of various substances (such as cortisol, a hormone that helps the body wake up).

Scientists were particularly interested in a specific endocannabinoid known to help the body regulate appetite and energy levels. It turned out that its level in the body of people who did not sleep enough varied significantly during the day. Lack of sleep makes the endocannabinoid system overactive, causing people to constantly eat. Moreover, sleepy participants in the experiment did not just eat more, but preferred food that was fatter and more nutritious, despite the fact that they were given a sufficient amount of calories just a few hours before.

The study was short, there were few participants, but the scientists believe that the results can be applied to everyday life. For example, 40% of Americans get less than 7 hours of sleep per night. Scientists already know that lack of sleep affects human genes, mood, and ability to pick up social cues, so it may not be a coincidence that 35% of Americans are obese. A better understanding of the mechanisms that link sleep deprivation and obesity could help clinicians find a way to prevent weight gain.

And the usefulness of sleep can be seen in at least these two examples: good sleep improves memory and helps get rid of toxins.

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