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Interplanetary Internet

02.09.2021

Within the Earth, the network protocols and technologies familiar to us work well. But when it comes to transferring data far beyond the planet, a number of questions arise. Answers to some of them should be given by the future South Korean lunar station Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO), which carries on board equipment for communication within the DTN network protocol, specially developed for use at space distances.

As you know, delays in modern networks are not only due to software or hardware features - the very length of large transcontinental cables contributes, since the signal propagation speed is limited and cannot exceed the speed of light. And even the closest celestial body to the Earth, the Moon, is located about 400 thousand km and the network response time will certainly be more than a second. In the case of Mars, a banal "ping" will take up to two tens of minutes.

Conventional terrestrial networking technologies are thus not suitable for use over space distances, and this is where DTN (Delay-Tolerant Networking, delay-tolerant networking) comes into play. It provides for the storage of large data packets on intermediate network nodes. One DTN variant called the Bundle Protocol is being developed by NASA, and it is this variant that is expected to be tested for data transmission from the South Korean lunar orbital orbital station KPLO, which is scheduled to launch in August 2022. This launch will be an important part of the Artemis project, which aims to return a man to the moon.

Despite the fact that the Moon is always visible from the Earth, there can be many problems with signal transmission - for example, sending a signal from the far side of our satellite or from behind the crests of large craters will require the use of intermediate relay stations. As part of the experiment, the South Korean apparatus will become the first such station, among other things, transmitting data from a special ShadowCam camera designed to study the shadowed areas of the moon.

The development of network protocols for use in space missions has been going on for a long time, since about 1998. CFDP, an early version of DTN, was successfully tested with the Spirit and Opportunity rovers, and the Bundle Protocol technology was tested with the ISS in 2016. However, development is proceeding rather slowly and, as one of the developers of the DTN project, Vint Cerf, noted, it is the Artemis program that should be the catalyst that will accelerate the creation of network technologies suitable for interplanetary use.

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