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Two-dimensional supercrystalline quantum gas

28.08.2021

In addition to the known basic states of matter, the state of a solid, liquid, gaseous and plasma, there are many more exotic states that can only be obtained in the imagination or in the laboratory. One of these states, known as a supercrystal, "drew" in the imagination of scientists several years ago, and only recently, researchers from the University of Innsbruck, for the first time in the history of science, managed to create such a supercrystal in their laboratory, moreover, in an even more exotic form, in the form of a two-dimensional supercrystalline quantum crystal. gas.

A supercrystal is a bit different from what one might imagine, based on its name. Essentially, the atoms of a supercrystal form a solid crystalline structure, just like in ordinary crystalline forms of matter. But, in parallel with this, atoms can move, i.e. a supercrystal can flow with zero viscosity, similar to a superfluid or, as it is also called, a superfluid. This is very similar to a paradox, but theoretically the possibility of the existence of such a form of matter was justified back in the 1960s, and in 2017 the first experimental confirmation was received.

Some groups of researchers have been successful in forming small supercrystals using the so-called Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). This condensate is a cloud of atoms cooled to an ultra-low temperature. And in such a state of matter, its quantum properties come to the fore, which usually do not manifest themselves on such a large scale. One of the main features is that all the atoms that make up the condensate cloud exist simultaneously at all points in the cloud, thanks to a quantum phenomenon called delocalization.

In previous experiments, the resulting particles of supercrystals were so small that they could be conditionally considered one-dimensional, due to which the atoms of the supercrystal could flow in only one direction. The Innsbruck group gave their supercrystal another dimension by using the Bose-Einstein condensate they used consisted of dysprosium atoms. The magnetic interactions between these atoms caused them to assemble into "droplets" that themselves lined up as nodes in a two-dimensional grid.

Conducting research, scientists have already been able to notice that in the system they created, in a two-dimensional supercrystal, strange vortices sometimes appear in the empty area between the droplets. Such a phenomenon has already been described earlier in theory, the occurrence of vortices is one of the consequences of the phenomenon of superfluidity, and this case is also the first time in the history of science when scientists were able to observe all this with their own eyes.

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