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Grown brain with eyes

21.08.2021

German scientists managed to grow a mini-brain with eyes. This experiment could allow people to see again.

Successful experiments were carried out by employees of the University Hospital Düsseldorf. In a local lab, they could grow a mini-brain with eyecups in which the optic nerve connects to the retina.

The newly created eyes can react to light and send signals to the brain. It is expected that these experiments will allow a better study of the interaction of the eyes and the brain during embryonic development. The results will also allow for better modeling of congenital retinal diseases as well as drug validation.

The researchers were able to grow three hundred and fourteen organelles, three-quarters of which formed eye cups. They appeared on the thirtieth day, and fully ripened on the fiftieth day. Remarkably, in human embryos, these organs develop at a similar rate.

Further experiments of scientists in this direction may be considered unethical - even in such a mini-brain, the rudiments of self-awareness can appear.

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Random news from the Archive

The ozone hole must disappear 16.07.2019

The ozone hole prevents climate warming in the central and eastern parts of Antarctica.

Under the Montreal Protocol, a ban was established on the emission of freons and the transition to other gases. As a result, chlorine emissions are reduced. Ejected chlorine lives in the atmosphere for 50-70 years. Now we are seeing that it has become smaller. This led to the fact that if earlier the ozone hole expanded and "deepened" (became less ozone), now this process has slowed down: the size and "depth" are becoming smaller. According to the results of joint research by Ukrainian and Australian scientists, the ozone hole as a phenomenon should disappear by 2050-2070.

This was stated by Gennady Milinevskiy, Head of the Space Physics Laboratory of the Faculty of Physics of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Senior Researcher at the National Antarctic Research Center. According to him, this is a seasonal effect, which leads to a decrease in the ozone layer from mid-August to the end of October. In November, the ozone layer is already recovering. In Antarctica, ozone has a maximum at an altitude of about 20 kilometers.

How is the ozone layer formed? The ultraviolet rays of the sun produce the dissociation of oxygen molecules, individual oxygen atoms combine with oxygen molecules and ozone molecules are obtained, consisting of three oxygen atoms. In the Antarctic in winter, the temperature in the stratosphere drops sharply - to -70 ... -80 degrees Celsius. At this time, the so-called polar stratospheric clouds with frozen nitrogen oxides and water are formed, and chlorine accumulates on the particles of these clouds. And he appeared in large quantities due to the production of freon, which was widely used in refrigerators.

Freon at the surface of the Earth is an absolutely stable neutral gas, but nevertheless it diffuses into the atmosphere, enters the stratosphere, where there is already more ultraviolet radiation, which breaks it up and releases a free chlorine atom. And one such atom kills a thousand ozone molecules. It turns out the reaction - O3 + Cl> ClO + O2. And ClO is freely destroyed, again a free chlorine atom appears, which again interacts with ozone and leads to its destruction. Thus, chlorine, one might say, "eats" ozone until it disappears from the stratosphere. And in winter, chlorine molecules get on the frozen particles of polar clouds, and their reservoirs are actually created, where they accumulate. The sun rises in late spring, and these clouds quickly melt in a day or two. It turns out a powerful release of chlorine, which "eats away" the ozone layer at the height of its maximum.

The most interesting thing, according to Milinevskiy, is that the ozone hole, which was actually created by man, throwing out freon, led to the creation of a stable fence of inner Antarctica from warm air masses, which prevents climate warming in the central and eastern parts of the ice continent. And in fact, the temperature there has not changed lately, but rather, it even drops a little.

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