Perovskites have improved automotive catalysts. Free Technical Library News

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Perovskites improve automotive catalysts

04.06.2021

British and Korean chemists have succeeded in extending the life of platinum catalysts for cleaning car exhausts. They first introduced platinum into the perovskite lattice, and then reduced it and obtained nanoparticles uniformly distributed over the perovskite surface. As a result, the catalyst became not only more stable, but also more efficient, since oxygen from the perovskite lattice enhanced the catalytic effect of platinum.

Car exhaust contains several toxic gases at the same time: these are gaseous hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide CO, nitrogen oxides NO and NO2. In order to prevent these substances from entering the atmosphere, they are passed through a catalytic converter. Purification includes several processes - oxidation of carbon monoxide and residues of gaseous hydrocarbons, reduction of nitrogen oxide impurities to molecular nitrogen N2 and removal of ammonia, which is obtained from nitrogen oxides as a by-product.

The noble metals platinum and palladium are considered the best catalysts. Most often, converters use a porous alumina catalyst with additives from half to two mass percent of platinum in the form of nanoparticles. This saves valuable metal and makes catalysts cheaper. However, at high temperatures, the platinum nanoparticles gradually assemble into larger particles and agglomerates (this process is called sintering), which reduces the efficiency of the catalyst. Therefore, the older the car, the more harmful gases it emits into the atmosphere.

John TS Irvine of the University of St. Andrews and his colleagues from South Korea and the UK tried to extend the life of platinum nanoparticles by placing them in another matrix - lanthanum titanates with a perovskite structure.

The resulting composites turned out to be excellent catalysts: complete conversion of CO on Pt-LCT occurred already at a temperature of 190 degrees Celsius. With the commercially available Pt-Al203 catalyst, full conversion can only be achieved at 220 degrees Celsius. The conversion of other impurity gases was also on average 20 percent higher than that of Pt-Al203 under the same conditions. The reason for this high Pt-LCT activity is the catalytic action of surface oxygen from the perovskite lattice, which enhanced the action of the platinum particles.

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